scholarly journals Fine-Crush Straw Returning Enhances Dry Matter Accumulation Rate of Maize Seedlings in Northeast China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1144
Author(s):  
Jiale Zhao ◽  
Xiaogeng Wang ◽  
Jian Zhuang ◽  
Yongjian Cong ◽  
Yun Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northeast China ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Deep Tillage ◽  
Maize Straw

In the conventional straw returning operation, the maize straw is broken into pieces of about 10 cm and degraded naturally in the farmland. Under the conventional straw returning mode, maize straw does not easily decompose quickly in cold climate conditions, which can cause a significant decrease in the dry matter accumulation rate of next maize seedlings. Therefore, it is difficult to popularize conventional straw returning in the maize-growing regions of Northeast China. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, a new agronomic technology of straw returning is proposed in this study, and a corresponding Bionic Straw Fine Crusher is developed to match the agronomic requirements. The key function of fine-crush straw returning is to significantly increase the contact area between the straw pith and the external environment by significantly shortening the crushing length, thus accelerating the rate of straw decomposition. In this study, the differences in operational effects between fine-crush straw returning, conventional straw returning, and no returning are clarified through 6 consecutive years of field experiments. At the same time, statistical analysis of the experimental data reveals the influence of fine-crush straw returning on the dry matter accumulation of maize at the seedling stage under the conditions of different returning modes, and determines the optimal agronomic parameter combination. The results of this study show that fine-crush straw returning significantly increased the decomposition rate, soil organic matter content, and soil accumulated temperature, thus creating a seedbed more favorable for maize seedling development. The experimental results showed that the optimal crushing length values of fine-crush straw returning were 1.5 cm, 3 cm, and 1.5 cm under mulching returning, shallow burial returning, and deep tillage returning conditions, respectively. Compared with conventional straw returning and no returning operations, the fine-crush straw returning operation can increase the maximum seedling dry matter accumulation of the maize crop by 5.1 g/plant and 2.8 g/plant (shallow burial), 4.2 g/plant and 1.8 g/plant (deep tillage), and 4.3 g/plant and 1.9 g/plant (mulching returning). The findings of this study may provide a viable new agronomic technology to accelerate the spread of straw returning in maize-growing areas of Northeast China.

scholarly journals Effect of fertilization with fluid swine slurry on production and nutritive value of Tifton 85

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernan Vielmo ◽  
Amadeu Bona Filho ◽  
André Brugnara Soares ◽  
Tangriani Simioni Assmann ◽  
Paulo Fernando Adami
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Swine Slurry ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Different Doses

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of liquid swine slurry on dry matter accumulation rate and nutritive values (crude proten and neutral detergent fiber) of Tifton 85 grass pasture cultivated in southwestern Paraná from October 2005 to March 2006. It was used a complete random experimental design in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme composed of four doses of swine slurry in the plots (0, 80, 160 and 320 m³/ha) and four consecutive cuts in the subplots of the pasture. It was carried out two applications, one in the beginning of the experiment and other after 80 days. Cuts were performed every time pasture height was 40 cm. There was a dose versus cut interaction for all variables. Swine slurry promoted increase on dry matter accumulation rate only on the first cut after its application (cuts 1 and 3). Dry matter maximal yield (24.2 t/ha) was obtained at 249 m³/ha of swine slurry manure (143 and 106 m³/ha, respectively for applications 1 and 2), corresponding to 450 kg of N/ha. Percentage of crude protein increases and neutral detergent fiber of Tifton 85 grass decreases as dose of swine slurry increases, improving forage nutritive value. Use efficiency and nitrogen recovery rate decrease with addition of swine slurry doses.

RESPONSE OF PEAS TO ENVIRONMENT: II. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE IN CONTROLLED-ENVIRONMENT CABINETS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Stanfield ◽  
D. P. Ormrod ◽  
H. F. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Effects of day/night temperature regimes from 7/4 to 32/24 °C on growth and development of Pisum sativum L. var. Dark Skin Perfection were studied in controlled-environment cabinets. Light intensity was about 1500 foot-candles and the photoperiod was 16 hours. Rate of plant development, in terms of nodes produced per day, increased steadily as the average temperature increased. Rate of stem elongation, however, was most rapid at 21/13 °C; and plant height was greatest at 16/10 °C. On a dry matter accumulation rate basis, vine growth decreased above and below a temperature optimum which shifted from 21/16 to 16/10 °C in the course of plant development. The combination of high day and high night temperatures caused an increase in the number of nodes to the first flower. Tillering was most prolific at the lower temperatures and was absent at 32 °C day temperatures. Pea yield decreased as temperature increased above 16/10 °C, due mainly to a reduction in the number of pods per plant.

VARIATION OF SUNFLOWER GROWTH, SOIL MOISTURE AND SOIL TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO PLANTING PATTERNS AT A HIGH LATITUDE SITE

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Long ◽  
H. Eiszner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Hyperbolic Model ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Deep Soil

HALLE-WITTENBERG, HALLE(SAALE), GERMANY Received: 13 June, 2001; accepted: 6 August, 2001 Field experiments were conducted at a high latitude site for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in central Germany (51 o 24' N, 11 o 53' E) in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The responses of sunflower development to various planting patterns differed in the duration from emergence to the middle of the linear growth period as calculated via a tangent hyperbolic model F(t)=(. +ß)×tanh[. ×(t–.)]. Final dry matter accumulation showed few differences among the planting patterns: 12 plants m –2 at 50 cm row spacing at 75 cm row spacing (RS2PD2) and 4 plants m –2 at 100 cm row spacing (RS3PD1). The actual and simulated values for final dry matter were close to 1200 g m –2 . The responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns changed from the upper to the deep soil layers. In a normal year, e.g. 1997, the soil water to 150 cm depth was sufficient for sunflower growth. In a drought year, e.g. 1998, soil water deeper than 150 cm was used by sunflower crops. The soil temperature was mostly lower in RS1PD3 and RS2PD2 than in RS3PD1, particularly in the upper soil, at depths of 5 and 20 cm. The most important factor defining the responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns seems to be the amount of radiation penetrating the ground, which may depend on latitude, wind and row orientation.

scholarly journals Forecasting phenology of mustard crop in North-western Himalayas

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-236
Author(s):  
Ranbir Singh Rana ◽  
Bhosale Arjun Vaijinath ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Ranu Pathania
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Western Himalayas ◽  
Thermal Indices ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Crop Simulation Modeling

Field experiments were conducted during rabiseason of 2007-08 and 2008-09 to study the phenology, thermal indices and its subsequent effect on dry matter accumulation of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) varieties viz., RCC-4, Kranti and Varuna grown under varying environmental conditions of Himachal Pradesh. The early sown (10th October) crop varieties took maximum average growing degree days for flower initiation (492±1), 50% flower-ing (682±1), pod initiation (742±1), 90% pod formation (811±4) and maturity (1394±8) which decreased with subse-quent delay in sowing time and recorded lowest under late sown (9th November) crop. The accumulated helio-thermal units and photo-thermal units decreased from 9824 to 7467 oC day hour and 19074 to 15579 oC day hour, respectively. High heat-use efficiency was obtained under late sown condition on 30th October. The heat-use efficiency (HUE) was high at 90% pod formation stage as compared to other stages in all the varieties and sowing dates (except 9th November sowing). The early sown (10th October) crop had maximum calendar days and cumula-tive pan evaporation (158 days and 448.2 mm) followed by normal (20th and 30th October) (153 days and 434 mm) and late (9th November) (138 days and 403.1 mm) sown crop indicating higher water requirement under early sow-ing. The predictive regression models explained 83-85% variation in dry matter yield in three varieties of mustard. The agro climatic indices are important determinants for temperature, radiations and photoperiods behaviors of crop. The accurate predictions of crop phenology are useful inputs for crop simulation modeling and crop management, and used for climate change assessment and simulated adaptations in present scenarios.

scholarly journals Phenophases and cutting time of forage cactus under irrigation and cropping systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Morais Amorim ◽  
Thieres George Freire da Silva ◽  
Poliana de Caldas Pereira ◽  
Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza ◽  
Rosandro Boligon Minuzzi
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Phenological Phases ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACT Management practices can affect the phenology and, consequently, the harvest time and crop production level of forage cactus. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of irrigation depths and cropping systems on the phenophases and cutting time of the forage cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. The experimental design was a randomized block with split plots and four replications. Irrigation depths based on reference evapotranspiration (8.75 %, 17.5 %, 26.25 % and 35 % ETo) and a control (0 % ETo) made up the plots, while cropping systems (exclusive cropping, exclusive cropping on mulch and forage cactus-sorghum intercropping) were distributed in the subplots. Cladode emission morphogenesis was used to define the phenological phases, while the extrapolation of the monthly dry matter accumulation rate was applied to obtain the cutting time. The use of irrigation depths significantly increased the phenophase II (higher emission of second-order daughter cladodes), decreasing the phenophase III, associated with third-order daughter cladodes. The phenophase III was lower in the exclusive cropping on mulch and forage cactus-sorghum intercropping systems, when compared to the exclusive cropping system. The ideal cutting time for irrigated forage cactus is 19 months, regardless of the cropping system. The exclusive cropping on mulch and forage cactus-sorghum intercropping systems significantly increased the monthly forage dry matter accumulation rate, with an earlier cutting time for the forage cactus-sorghum intercropping system (17 months).

scholarly journals Yield and botanical composition of a mixed grass-legume pasture in response to maintenance fertilization

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1633-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Mauricio Soares de Andrade ◽  
Judson Ferreira Valentim ◽  
João Batista Martiniano Pereira ◽  
Aliedson Sampaio Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Arachis Pintoi ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Mixed Grass

This study was carried out on a low-productive Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture, mixed with Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte (forage peanut), established 13 years ago in a Red-Yellow Latosol in Acre State, western Brazilian Amazon. The purpose was to evaluate the response of this pasture to different fertilizer combinations, aiming at identifying the nutritional factors responsible for the fall of pasture carrying capacity and for the reduced vigor of forage peanut. It was used a randomized complete block design, with three replications and 12 combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, lime, sulfur, and micronutrients (100 kg/ha of N, P2O5 and K2O; 300 kg/ha of dolomitic lime; 30 kg/ha of sulfur and FTE BR-10). Fertilizers were broadcast in 5 × 5-m plots, and the experimental area was isolated from grazing for 35 days. Pasture response to fertilizations showed that nitrogen was the main limiting nutrient to forage production. The other nutrients, applied singly or in a combined way, without nitrogen source, did not change dry matter accumulation rate. Overall, fertilizations with nitrogen provided dry matter accumulation rate of 115 kg/ha/day in comparison to only 32 kg/ha/day when nitrogen was not applied. There was no response from forage peanut to fertilization, so, there are other factors responsible for its reduced vigor of regrowth.

Growth Responses of Green and Yellow Foxtail (Setaria viridisand S.lutescens) to Shade

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol J. Bubar ◽  
Ian N. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Green Foxtail

The growth of green foxtail (Setaria viridisL. Beauv. ♯3SETVI) and yellow foxtail [S. lutescens(Weigel.) Hubb. ♯ SETLU] in full sunlight, under 55 and 73% shade and within a wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Neepawa’) stand, was compared in field experiments conducted over 3 yr. Shade resulted in a proportionately greater reduction in tiller number of yellow foxtail than of green foxtail. Plants growing in full sunlight produced up to five times more tillers than those growing in the crop. Averaged over the 3 yr, the two shade treatments reduced dry-matter accumulation of both species by 40% or more. The dry weight of plants within the crop was only about one-eighth of that of plants grown in full sunlight. Under both shade treatments and in the crop, yellow foxtail was consistently taller than green foxtail. Nevertheless, no differences in dry weight occurred between species under either shade treatment or in the crop. The results indicate that neither of the two species is distinctly more shade tolerant than the other, nor better adapted to compete with wheat.

scholarly journals Steps in Predicting the Relationship of Yield on Fungicide Dose

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 708-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Paveley ◽  
R. Sylvester-Bradley ◽  
R. K. Scott ◽  
J. Craigon ◽  
W. Day
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Area Index

A set of hypothetical steps has been defined, which links fungicide dose to marketable yield, whereby (i) increasing dose decreases symptom area, according to a dose-response curve, (ii) decreased symptom area increases crop green area index (GAI), (iii) increasing GAI increases fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation, (iv) increased fractional interception increases crop dry matter accumulation, and (v) yield increases, depending on the partitioning of dry matter to the marketable fraction. One equation represented all five steps. By integrating this equation for light interception during the yield forming period and differentiating with respect to the ratio of fungicide cost over yield value, an analytical solution was obtained for the economic optimum dose. Taking published ranges of parameter values for the Septoria tritici wheat pathosystem as an example, yield-response curves and optimum doses were biologically plausible when compared with data from four field experiments. The analytical and empirical results imply that the dose required to optimize economic return will vary substantially between sites, seasons, and cultivars. Sensitivity analyses identified parameters describing specific facets of disease severity, fungicide efficacy, and assimilate partitioning as most influential in determining the dose optimum.

scholarly journals Potentials of straw return and potassium supply on maize (Zea mays L.) photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and yield

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafang Fan ◽  
Julin Gao ◽  
Jiying Sun ◽  
Jian Liu ◽  
Zhijun Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Deep Tillage ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
Potassium Supply ◽  
Maize Photosynthesis

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) is considered one of the most important grains in the world. Straw return and potassium fertilization can enhance the maize yield. Therefore, three field experiments were carried out in the three years (2018–2020) to study the effects of straw return at two methods and four levels of potassium fertilization on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and yield of the maize ‘Xianyu 335’. To conduct the field trials, a split plot system in five replications was established. Two straw return methods (straw return with deep tillage and straw mulching with no tillage) were in the main plots, and four potassium fertilization levels (0, 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha) were in the subplots. Each sub-plot consisted of 10 rows with 5 m length and 0.6 m width, and each sub-plot area was 30 m2 in the three years. The results indicated that the straw return methods and the potassium supply significantly affected the maize photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and yield in the three years. Under the same potassium supply, straw return with deep tillage significantly improved the maize photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and yield compared to straw mulching with no tillage. The above characteristics improved with increased potassium supply. The treatment of SFK60 recorded the highest values for the parameters of maize photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and yield during the three harvest seasons. The treatment of SFK45 reached maximum profit of maize planting, which was 12088.77 yuan/ha. Therefore, SFK45 was an effective way to ensure the stable and higher yields of maize and to maximize the income of farmers.

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