VARIATION OF SUNFLOWER GROWTH, SOIL MOISTURE AND SOIL TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO PLANTING PATTERNS AT A HIGH LATITUDE SITE

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Long ◽  
H. Eiszner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
High Latitude ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Hyperbolic Model ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Deep Soil

HALLE-WITTENBERG, HALLE(SAALE), GERMANY Received: 13 June, 2001; accepted: 6 August, 2001 Field experiments were conducted at a high latitude site for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) production in central Germany (51 o 24' N, 11 o 53' E) in 1996, 1997 and 1998. The responses of sunflower development to various planting patterns differed in the duration from emergence to the middle of the linear growth period as calculated via a tangent hyperbolic model F(t)=(. +ß)×tanh[. ×(t–.)]. Final dry matter accumulation showed few differences among the planting patterns: 12 plants m –2 at 50 cm row spacing at 75 cm row spacing (RS2PD2) and 4 plants m –2 at 100 cm row spacing (RS3PD1). The actual and simulated values for final dry matter were close to 1200 g m –2 . The responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns changed from the upper to the deep soil layers. In a normal year, e.g. 1997, the soil water to 150 cm depth was sufficient for sunflower growth. In a drought year, e.g. 1998, soil water deeper than 150 cm was used by sunflower crops. The soil temperature was mostly lower in RS1PD3 and RS2PD2 than in RS3PD1, particularly in the upper soil, at depths of 5 and 20 cm. The most important factor defining the responses of soil moisture and temperature to planting patterns seems to be the amount of radiation penetrating the ground, which may depend on latitude, wind and row orientation.

scholarly journals Integrating Straw Management and Seeding to Improve Seed Yield and Reduce Environmental Impacts in Soybean Production

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033
Author(s):  
Cailong Xu ◽  
Ruidong Li ◽  
Wenwen Song ◽  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Shi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Multiple Cropping ◽  
Area Index

Multiple cropping systems boost grain yields and have an immense potential to increase land productivity. In such cropping systems in China, soybean is directly seeded after the wheat harvest in early June. After the wheat harvest, the farmland has low amounts of soil moisture and contains large amounts of wheat straw, which negatively affect soybean growth and yields. To address these challenges, an integrated management practice (IMP) than can achieve precise direct seeding and straw mulching return, was developed. In this study, differences in the soil temperature and moisture, seedling quality, dry matter accumulation, soybean yield, and greenhouse gas emissions were investigated between IMP and the farmers’ practices (FP). Compared with the FP treatment, IMP significantly increased the soil moisture and decreased the soil temperature in the topsoil layer. In addition, under the IMP treatment, the rate of emergence and developmental uniformity of soybean plants significantly increased by 21.7% and 99.5%, respectively, thus increasing the leaf area index by 30.0% and dry matter accumulation by 12.0% and, in turn, increasing soybean yields by 24.7%. A principal component analysis showed that the dry matter weight, relative water content, leaf area index, and developmental uniformity were strong sensitivity indices for the IMP treatment. In addition, the intensity of emission of N2O and greenhouse gases under IMP both decreased significantly by 25.1% and 28.9% compared with the FP, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that IMP is a suitable farming practice for sustainable agricultural production, and it has broad prospects for application in wheat–soybean double cropping systems in China and other similar areas globally.

scholarly journals Effect of mulching, row direction and spacing on microclimate and wheat yield at Ludhiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
L.K. DHALIWAL ◽  
G.S. BUTTAR ◽  
P.K. KINGRA ◽  
SUKHVIR SINGH ◽  
SUKHJEET KAUR
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
East West

The field experiments were conducted in rabi seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at research farm, Ludhiana, Punjab. Wheat variety (WH 1105) was sown in two row directions viz, east-west (E-W) and north-south (N-S) with three row spacing as S1 (15 cm), S2 (22.5 cm) and S3 (30 cm), and two mulching levels viz., Mo (No mulch) and M1 (mulch at the rate of 5t ha-1). PAR interception, canopy temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were recorded periodically during the crop season in all the treatments. The results revealed that the intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was 4- 5 per cent higher in E-W than N-S row direction which contributed 1.67 q ha-1 higher grain yield. Better utilization of solar radiation was observed in 15.0 cm row spacing and the canopy temperature was 0.5°C higher in unmulched crop as compared to mulched crop during both years. Straw mulching @ 5t ha-1 improved soil moisture and regulated soil temperature. Mean soil temperature was higher (1.0 ºC) under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop. The soil moisture was 4-5 per cent higher under mulched crop as compared to unmulched crop which ultimately resulted in higher soil temperature during early growth stages. Significantly higher grain yield was recorded in mulched crop as compared to unmulched.

scholarly journals Influence of row spacing on agronomic parameters features and dry matter accumulation of maize hybrids

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastião Ferreira de Lima ◽  
Rita de Cássia Félix Alvarez ◽  
Lucymara Merquides Contardi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Maize Hybrids

Tillage Effects on Soil Temperature, Shoot Dry Matter Accumulation and Corn Grain Yield

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
H. N. Hayhoe ◽  
J.L.B. Culley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Corn Grain ◽  
Corn Grain Yield

scholarly journals Optimisation of Irrigation Regime for Early Potatoes, Late Cauliflower, Early Cabbage and Celery

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 139-152
Author(s):  
Zavadil Josef
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Suction Pressure ◽  
Irrigation Regime ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Moisture Balance ◽  
Seasonal Irrigation ◽  
Soil Moisture Balance

The paper deals with optimisation of threshold suction pressure of soil water on light soils for early potatoes, early cabbage, late cauliflower and celery on the basis of results of small-plot field experiments with differentiated irrigation regime. Experiments were conducted in 2003–2005. Threshold suction pressures of soil water were identical for all crops: 15 kPa in treatment I, 30 kPa in treatment II, 60 kPa in treatment III, and 120 kPa in treatment IV. Precipitation, air temperature and relative humidity, global solar radiation, wind speed and direction were measured by an automated meteorological station. Reference and actual evapotranspiration was determined for the experimental crops according to FAO Paper No. 56 and by means of a biological curve (BC) in 2003–2005. To compare these two methods of calculation of actual evapotranspiration the soil moisture balance was found out. Based on the influence on marketable yield and proportion of the crop quality grades it is possible to determine the optimum threshold suction pressure on light loamy-sand soils in early potatoes, late cauliflower and cabbage 30 kPa and in celery 15 kPa. 80% of available soil water capacity (ASWC) corresponds to the threshold suction pressure 30 kPa, and as much as 96% of ASWC corresponds to 15 kPa. The seasonal irrigation depths determined on the basis of soil moisture balance, in which the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) is calculated either according to FAO 56 or by the BC, are substantially different from the really achieved irriga­tion depths in the treatments where optimal suction pressure is maintained. For potatoes, the really achieved values of seasonal irrigation depths are nearer to the depths calculated by the BC, while for the other vegetables (cauliflower, cabbage and celery) they are more similar to the depths calculated by FAO 56 methodology. The theoretical irrigation depths calculated by the BC method sometimes differ substantially from those based on FAO 56. These differences are at maximum for cauliflower and celery and at minimum for cabbage and decrease with the decreasing irrigation depths.

Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L: III. Competition in maize and its practical implications for forage maize production

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Competitive Balance ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Early Stages

SUMMARYCompetition among maize plants in the vegetative stage of growth was postponed by application of nitrogen to the seed bed and by maintaining soil moisture near field capacity. The amount of available nitrogen was a critical factor in determining the effect of the competitive balance between nitrogen and light on maize yield. The supply of either affected the capacity of the crop to utilize the other, but ultimately light became the dominant factor.Soil moisture deficits of up to 1.0 in from field capacity, in the early stages of vegetative growth, did not reduce dry-matter accumulation and uptake of nitrogen, but in the absence of weed competition and post-planting cultivation soil moisture losses in the early stages of crop growth may be small.In 1966, maize responded quicker to surface applied than to deep-placed nitrogen and utilized the surface applied nitrogen for dry-matter accumulation more effectively.Provided that there was initially an adequate supply of nitrogen in the seed bed, there appeared to be no advantage to total yield from application of nitrogen top dressings to maize. In the West Midlands, under conditions of adequate nutrient and soil moisture supply, the optimum plant population for commercial production of forage maize was about 40000 per acre.

scholarly journals Soil Moisture Sensor Test with Mississippi Delta Soils

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370
Author(s):  
Ruixiu Sui ◽  
Horace C. Pringle ◽  
Edward M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling

Abstract. One of the methods for irrigation scheduling is to use sensors to measure the soil moisture level in the plant root zone and apply water if there is a water shortage for the plants. The measurement accuracy and reliability of the soil moisture sensors are critical for sensor-based irrigation management. This study evaluated the measurement accuracy and repeatability of the EC-5 and 5TM soil volumetric water content (SVWC) sensors, the MPS-2 and 200SS soil water potential (SWP) sensors, and the 200TS soil temperature sensor. Six 183 cm × 183 cm × 71 cm wooden compartments were built inside a greenhouse, and each compartment was filled with one type of soil from the Mississippi Delta. A total of 66 sensors with 18 data loggers were installed in the soil compartments to measure SVWC, SWP, and soil temperature. Soil samples were periodically collected from the compartments to determine SVWC using the gravimetric method. SVWC measured by the sensors was compared with that determined by the gravimetric method. The SVWC readings from the sensors had a linear regression relationship with the gravimetric SVWC (r2 = 0.82). This relationship was used to calibrate the sensor readings. The SVWC and SWP sensors could detect the general trend of soil moisture changes. However, their measurements varied significantly among the sensors. To obtain accurate absolute soil moisture measurements, the sensors require individual and soil-specific calibration. The 5TM, MPS-2, and 200TS sensors performed well in soil temperature measurement tests. Individual temperature readings from these sensors were very close to the mean of all sensor readings. Keywords: Irrigation, Sensors, Soil types, Soil water content, Soil water potential.

scholarly journals Primed Acclimation of Papaya Increases Short-term Water Use But Does Not Confer Long-term Drought Tolerance

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Vincent ◽  
Diane Rowland ◽  
Bruce Schaffer
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Water Tension

Primed acclimation (PA) is a regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategy designed to improve or maintain yield under subsequent drought stress. A previous study showed photosynthetic increases in papaya in response to a PA treatment. The present study was undertaken to test the duration of the PA effect when papaya plants were challenged with severe drought stress. Potted plants were stressed at 1, 2, and 3 months after conclusion of a PA treatment consisting of 3 weeks at soil water tension (SWT) of −20 kPa. Measurements included leaf gas exchange, root growth, and organ dry mass partitioning. PA did not reduce net CO2 assimilation (A) during the deficit period. At the end of the PA period, total dry matter accumulation per plant and for each organ was unaffected, but proportional dry matter partitioning to roots was favored. After resuming full irrigation, A increased and whole plant water use was more than doubled in PA-treated plants. However, water use and A of PA-treated plants decreased to reconverge with those of control plants by 6 weeks after the PA treatment. Over the course of the study, PA plants maintained lower stem height to stem diameter ratios, and shorter internode lengths. However, these changes did not improve photosynthetic response to any of the water-deficit treatments. We conclude that papaya exhibits some signs of stress memory, but that rapid short-term acclimation responses dominate papaya responses to soil water deficit.

Effect of drought on growth and water use of sugar beet

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kay F. Brown ◽  
A. B. Messem ◽  
R. J. Dunham ◽  
P. V. Biscoe
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Fibrous Roots

SummaryThe growth and water use of sugar beet affected by early (ED) and late (LD) drought was compared with that of irrigated (I) and unirrigated (NI) controls. Mobile shelters were used to exclude rain from ED plots during June and July, and LD plots during August and September, respectively, whereas outside these periods the ED and LD plots were irrigated as necessary.The ED treatment affected the fibrous roots severely. Many of the roots in the top 60 cm of soil died and development of the root system below this depth was slow. Expansion of the leaf canopy slowed, radiation interception was reduced and the rate of water use fell from about 1·2 times to 0·6 times Penman potential transpiration rate. The LD treatment, which was imposed when the fibrous root system was already extensive, had little effect on the fibrous roots except in the top soil. The accessible soil water was quickly depleted and the resulting stress was accompanied by earlier senescence of leaves. The rate of converting intercepted light to crop dry matter was reduced in both treatments. However, the ED treatment was the most detrimental because the amount of light intercepted in the months of highest radiation was greatly reduced owing to the restricted leaf cover. The relative effects on growth are reflected in the final sugar yields which were 8·7, 10·5, 9·9 and 12·0 (±0·30) t/ha in the ED, LD, NI and I treatments respectively.More of the deep soil water was used in the drought-affected plots (particularly LD) than in the irrigated controls. Maximum depths of water extraction were 140–150 cm in ED and I plots and > 170 cm in LD plots. The highest uptake rates per unit length of root (20–40 μl/cm per day) were measured in the deepest part of the root system. At all depths, uptake rates declined as the soil dried. After correcting for overestimated water use where necessary, the ratios of final dry matter and sugar yields respectively to season-long water use (June–October) were close to 1·4 and 0·8 t/ha per 25 mm for all four treatments.

Water use of wheat, barley, canola, and lucerne in the high rainfall zone of south-western Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Michael L. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Significant Difference

Water use of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) was measured on a duplex soil in the high rainfall zone (HRZ) of south-western Australia from 2001 to 2003. Rainfall exceeded evapotranspiration in all years, resulting in transient perched watertables, subsurface waterlogging in 2002 and 2003, and loss of water by deep drainage and lateral flow in all years. There was no significant difference in water use among wheat, barley, and canola. Lucerne used water at a similar rate to annual crops during the winter and spring, but continued to extract 80−100 mm more water than the annual crops over the summer and autumn fallow period. This resulted in about 50 mm less drainage past the root-zone than for annual crops in the second and third years after the establishment of the lucerne. Crop water use was fully met by rainfall from sowing to anthesis and a significant amount of water (120−220 mm) was used during the post-anthesis period, resulting in a ratio of pre- to post-anthesis water use (ETa : ETpa) of 1 : 1 to 2 : 1. These ratios were lower than the indicative value of 2 : 1 for limited water supply for grain filling. High water use during the post-anthesis period was attributed to high available soil water at anthesis, a large rooting depth (≥1.4 m), a high proportion (15%) of roots in the clay subsoil, and regular rainfall during grain filling. The pattern of seasonal water use by crops suggested that high dry matter at anthesis did not prematurely exhaust soil water for grain filling and that it is unlikely to affect dry matter accumulation during grain filling and final grain yield under these conditions.

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