scholarly journals Phytohormonal and Transcriptomic Response of Hulless Barley Leaf in Response to Powdery Mildew Infection

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1248
Author(s):  
Zha Sang ◽  
Minjuan Zhang ◽  
Wang Mu ◽  
Haizhen Yang ◽  
Chunbao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Transcriptomic Response ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Barley Leaf ◽  
Plant Hormone Signaling ◽  
Powdery Mildew Infection

Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) Golovin ex Speer f. sp. hordei Marchal (Bgh) is one of the major yield reducing diseases in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f.). Genotypes with contrasting resistance to PM offer unique opportunities to explore the transcriptome in order to understand the expression changes in genes and pathways. In this study, we explored the phytohormone levels and transcriptome of a Bgh susceptible (XL19) and resistant (ZYM1288) hulless barley genotypes at 0, 5, 12, 24, and 36 h post infection (hpi) with Bgh. We found relatively higher levels of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and cytokinins in ZYM1288. The transcriptome analyses identified 31,354 genes that were enriched in signaling, energy, and defense related pathways. Higher numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in XL19 as compared to ZYM1288 after 5 (3603 vs. 2341) and 12 hpi (3530 vs. 2416). However, after 24 and 36 hpi, the number of DEGs was higher in ZYM1288 as compared to XL19 i.e., 3625 vs. 3034 and 5855 vs. 2725, respectively. Changes in hormone levels drove downstream expression changes in plant-hormone signaling that helped ZYM1288 to perform better under Bgh infection. The expression of DEGs in MAPK-signaling and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways, glucosinolate biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, brassinosteroid metabolism, and energy related pathways indicated their common roles in defense against PM. Key genes related to PM-resistance were upregulated in the resistant genotype. These genes provide key information towards differences in both genotypes towards resistance to PM. The transcriptomic signatures explored in this study will broaden our understanding towards molecular regulation of resistance to PM in hulless barley.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Sequencing in a Tibetan Barley Landrace with High Resistance to Powdery Mildew

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Quan Zeng ◽  
Xiao-Mei Luo ◽  
Yu-Lin Wang ◽  
Qi-Jun Xu ◽  
Li-Jun Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Transcriptome Sequencing ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
Barley Landrace ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Extracellular Region ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Powdery Mildew Infection

Hulless barley is an important cereal crop worldwide, especially in Tibet of China. However, this crop is usually susceptible to powdery mildew caused byBlumeria graminisf. sp.hordei. In this study, we aimed to understand the functions and pathways of genes involved in the disease resistance by transcriptome sequencing of a Tibetan barley landrace with high resistance to powdery mildew. A total of 831 significant differentially expressed genes were found in the infected seedlings, covering 19 functions. Either “cell,” “cell part,” and “extracellular region” in the cellular component category or “binding” and “catalytic” in the category of molecular function as well as “metabolic process” and “cellular process” in the biological process category together demonstrated that these functions may be involved in the resistance to powdery mildew of the hulless barley. In addition, 330 KEGG pathways were found using BLASTx with anE-value cut-off of <10−5. Among them, three pathways, namely, “photosynthesis,” “plant-pathogen interaction,” and “photosynthesis-antenna proteins” had significant matches in the database. Significant expressions of the three pathways were detected at 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h after infection, respectively. These results indicated a complex process of barley response to powdery mildew infection.

scholarly journals Cloning and overexpression of PeWRKY31 from Populus × euramericana enhances salt and biological tolerance in transgenic Nicotiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Yu ◽  
Yu Pan ◽  
Yan Dong ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
Biological Stress

Abstract Background As important forest tree species, biological stress and soil salinization are important factors that restrict the growth of Populus × euramericana. WRKYs are important transcription factors in plants that can regulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, PeWRKY31 was isolated from Populus × euramericana, and its bioinformation, salt resistance and insect resistance were analyzed. This study aims to provide guidance for producing salt-resistant and insect-resistant poplars. Results PeWRKY31 has a predicted open reading frame (ORF) of 1842 bp that encodes 613 amino acids. The predicted protein is the unstable, acidic, and hydrophilic protein with a molecular weight of 66.34 kDa, and it has numerous potential phosphorylation sites, chiefly on serines and threonines. PeWRKY31 is a zinc-finger C2H2 type-II WRKY TF that is closely related to WRKY TFs of Populus tomentosa, and localizes to the nucleus. A PeWRKY31 overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum L. Overexpression of PeWRKY31 improved the salt tolerance and insect resistance of the transgenic tobacco. Transcriptome sequencing and KEGG enrichment analysis showed the elevated expression of genes related to glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling pathways, the functions of which were important in plant salt tolerance and insect resistance in the overexpressing tobacco line. Conclusions PeWRKY31 was isolated from Populus × euramericana. Overexpression of PeWRKY31 improved the resistance of transgenic plant to salt stress and pest stress. The study provides references for the generation of stress-resistant lines with potentially great economic benefit.

scholarly journals Disruption of barley immunity to powdery mildew by an in-frame Lys-Leu deletion in the essential protein SGT1

Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 217 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony V E Chapman ◽  
Matthew Hunt ◽  
Priyanka Surana ◽  
Valeria Velásquez-Zapata ◽  
Weihui Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Novel Mutation ◽  
Exome Capture ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽  
Pathogen Effectors ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Disease Resistances

Abstract Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Mla (Mildew resistance locus a) and its nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-repeat receptor (NLR) orthologs protect many cereal crops from diseases caused by fungal pathogens. However, large segments of the Mla pathway and its mechanisms remain unknown. To further characterize the molecular interactions required for NLR-based immunity, we used fast-neutron mutagenesis to screen for plants compromised in MLA-mediated response to the powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. One variant, m11526, contained a novel mutation, designated rar3 (required for Mla6 resistance3), that abolishes race-specific resistance conditioned by the Mla6, Mla7, and Mla12 alleles, but does not compromise immunity mediated by Mla1, Mla9, Mla10, and Mla13. This is analogous to, but unique from, the differential requirement of Mla alleles for the co-chaperone Rar1 (required for Mla12 resistance1). We used bulked-segregant-exome capture and fine mapping to delineate the causal mutation to an in-frame Lys-Leu deletion within the SGS domain of SGT1 (Suppressor of G-two allele of Skp1, Sgt1ΔKL308–309), the structural region that interacts with MLA proteins. In nature, mutations to Sgt1 usually cause lethal phenotypes, but here we pinpoint a unique modification that delineates its requirement for some disease resistances, while unaffecting others as well as normal cell processes. Moreover, the data indicate that the requirement of SGT1 for resistance signaling by NLRs can be delimited to single sites on the protein. Further study could distinguish the regions by which pathogen effectors and host proteins interact with SGT1, facilitating precise editing of effector incompatible variants.

The ultrastructure of M1-a-mediated resistance to powdery mildew infection in barley

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (22) ◽  
pp. 2589-2597 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Dense Material ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Electron Dense Material ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Powdery Mildew Infection ◽  
Cell Protoplast

M1-a-mediated resistance in barley to invasion by the CR3 race of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei does not occur in every host cell with the same speed and severity. In some cells ultrastructural changes within the host cell as a result of resistance will occur within 24 h after inoculation, whereas in other cells these changes may take up to 72 h. In some cells the ultrastructural changes are so drastic that they give the appearance of a hypersensitive death of the host cell, whereas in other cells the changes are very slight. In any case, at the end of these changes the fungus ceases growth. The ultrastructural changes occur in penetrated host epidermal cells as well as non-infected adjacent epidermal and mesophyll cells.The following ultrastructural changes have been observed: (1) an electron-dense material which occurs either free in the vacuole or adhering to the tonoplast (the material is granular or in large clumps); (2) an increased electron density of the host cytoplasm and nucleus; (3) a breakdown of the tonoplast so that the cytoplasmic constituents become dispersed throughout the cell lumen; and (4) the deposition of papillar-like material in areas other than the penetration site. The first three changes take place within the host cell protoplasts and are directly attributable to the gene M1-a. These changes are typical of stress or incompatibility responses and thus M1-a appears to trigger a generalized incompatibility response in the presence of race CR3. The papillar-like material occurs outside the host cell protoplast in the same manner as the papilla and probably is not directly attributable to M1-a.

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