scholarly journals Aluminum Toxicity in Sweet Cherry Trees Grown in an Acidic Volcanic Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1259
Author(s):  
Claudia Bonomelli ◽  
Pamela Artacho
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Volcanic Soil ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Successful Establishment ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Cherry Trees

Chile is the world’s largest exporter of sweet cherries. New plantings have been shifted to southern regions, where aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity could be a serious constraint on establishing orchards in acidic volcanic soils. This study investigated the effects of soil Al on growth and macronutrient uptake in non-bearing ‘Bing’ on Gisela®6 trees grown in 120 L pots containing volcanic soil with four concentrations of exchangeable Al (0.12, 0.40, 0.60, and 1.24 cmol kg−1). At the end of the first and second seasons after planting, the trees were destructively harvested, and individual organs were analyzed for dry weight, Al concentration, and macronutrient concentration. Increasing soil Al concentrations had a detrimental effect on nutrient uptake and growth, particularly in the second season. However, fine-root growth was significantly reduced from the first season and from low soil Al concentrations. In sweet cherry trees, Al was preferentially accumulated in root tissues and its translocation to aerial organs was restricted. In addition, Al accumulation in fine roots, in conjunction with a reduction in root growth, severely restricted the uptake of N, P, K, Mg, and, particularly, Ca. Therefore, soil acidity must be corrected to ensure the successful establishment of sweet cherry orchards in southern Chile.

The influence of pH on the toxicity of a low concentration of aluminum to white spruce seedlings

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1488-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nosko ◽  
Kenneth A. Kershaw
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Forest Decline ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Key Words Aluminum

Week-old white spruce seedlings were grown for 7 days at pH 4.5, 3.9, 3.65, or 3.5 using a continuous flow system to deliver experimental solutions. At each pH, seedlings received either no aluminum or 10 μM Al, a concentration 2 – 3 orders of magnitude lower than the reported minimum Al concentrations required to induce toxicity symptoms in seedlings of a variety of tree species. In – Al treatments, root elongation was reduced at pH 3.9 and root dry weight was reduced at pH 3.5, compared with seedlings grown at pH 4.5. Exposure to 10 μM Al caused further reduction of root growth, the magnitude of which increased as pH decreased. This suggests that seedling root growth was affected by the increased proportion of the total Al existing as phytotoxic Al3+ at lower pH values or by an interaction of Al3+ and H+. Neither pH nor Al affected shoot growth. Both acidity and Al could limit natural regeneration of white spruce by preventing seedling establishment. Key words: aluminum toxicity, soil acidity, forest decline, white spruce, Picea glauca, forest regeneration.

scholarly journals Changes of Endogenous Jasmonic Acid and Methyl Jasmonate in Apples and Sweet Cherries during Fruit Development

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoru Kondo ◽  
Akihiro Tomiyama ◽  
Hideharu Seto
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Apple Seeds

Trans-jasmonic acid (JA), cis-JA, and trans-methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were quantified in pulp and seeds of `Tsugaru' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] and `Satohnishiki' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Trans-JA and cis-JA showed similar changes during development in both types of fruit. JA concentration was high in the early growth stages of apple pulp development, decreased with days after full bloom (DAFB), and then increased again during maturation. There was an initial decrease in concentration of MeJA in apple pulp, followed by a general increase towards harvest. Concentrations of JA and MeJA in the pulp of sweet cherry were high during early growth stages, then decreased towards harvest. PDJ treatment at 104 DAFB (preclimacteric stage) increased endogenous abscisic acid concentration and anthocyanin concentration at 122 and 131 DAFB (maturation stages) in apple. JA concentration in apple seeds was also high in the early growth stages, then decreased, and finally peaked at harvest. MeJA concentration in apple seeds increased towards harvest. In the seeds of sweet cherry, JA and MeJA concentrations generally increased until harvest. In both types of fruit, concentrations of JA and MeJA in the seeds were higher than those of pulp. On a dry weight basis, changes in concentration in the seeds preceded those in the pulp. These results demonstrate that relatively high amounts of JA and MeJA are associated with young developing fruit. These substances may have a role in regulation of fruit growth at early growth stages, though this has not been demonstrated. Chemical name used: n-propyl dihydrojasmonate (PDJ).

Response of ectomycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinusrigida) seedlings to nutrient supply and aluminum: growth and mineral nutrition

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2145-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Schier ◽  
Carolyn J. McQuattie
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Pitch Pine ◽  
Mycorrhizal Inoculation

Mycorrhizal colonization and nutrient supply may have important effects on aluminum toxicity in trees grown on acidic, nutrient-poor soils. The interacting effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, nutrient level, and Al treatment on growth and mineral nutrition of pitch pine (Pinusrigida Mill.) seedlings grown with and without the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch were determined. The seedlings were grown for 66 days in sand irrigated with 0.1- or 0.2-strength nutrient solution (pH 3.8) containing 0, 10, or 20 mg/L Al (0, 0.37, or 0.74 mM). Across nutrient and Al levels total dry weight of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) seedlings was 75% greater than that of nonmycorrhizal (NM) seedlings. Doubling the nutrient level increased the dry weight of NM seedlings by 120%, versus 60% for ECM seedlings. Aluminum reduced root and shoot growth in NM seedlings, but had no effect on shoot growth and only a marginally significant effect on root growth of ECM seedlings. Shoot growth of NM seedlings was more sensitive to Al than root growth. Increased growth of NM seedlings by doubling the nutrient level was least at the highest Al level. Symptoms of Al toxicity in roots (dark, stunted tips) occurred at a lower Al level in NM than ECM seedlings. A strong relationship was not found between Al toxicity and concentrations of Mg and Ca in roots and needles. Enhancement of growth resulting from increased uptake of nutrients due to mycorrhizal inoculation (and) or an increased level of nutrients was the overriding factor affecting the response of pitch pine seedlings to Al.

scholarly journals The effect of different types of rootstock on the quality of maiden trees of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cv. ‘Regina’

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Baryła ◽  
Magdalena Kapłan ◽  
Marcela Krawiec
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Prunus Mahaleb ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prunus Avium L ◽  
Gisela 5 ◽  
Cherry Trees

Over the period 2006–2009 in Lublin, a study was conducted to determine the effect of five types of rootstock: ‘Colt’, ‘F12/1’, sweet cherry (<em>Prunus avium </em>L.), ‘GiSelA 5’ and ‘Piast’ mahaleb cherry (<em>Prunus mahaleb </em>L.), on the growth and quality of maiden sweet cherry trees cv. ‘Regina’ in a commercial nursery. Based on the three-year average, rootstocks were shown to have a significant effect on the investigated quality characteristics of maiden sweet cherry trees. Trees budded on ‘Colt’ vegetative rootstock were characterized by strongest growth and best quality. In each year, they were thicker, higher and better branched than sweet cherries on the rootstock. Under the tested conditions, ‘GiSelA 5’ dwarf rootstock significantly reduced the growth and quality of budded sweet cherry trees in the nursery. During the period 2007–2009, no physiological incompatibility symptoms were observed ‘Regina’ sweet cherry cv. and ‘Piast’ seedling rootstocks. The growth of trees budded on ‘Piast’ mahaleb cherry was poorer than on ‘Colt’ clonal rootstock, but it was stronger than on ‘F12/1’ and <em>Prunus avium</em> L. rootstocks.

scholarly journals Partitioning of Above-ground Dry Matter in `Lambert' Sweet Cherry Trees With or Without Fruit

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Kappel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Fruit Harvest ◽  
Cherry Trees

The effect of fruit on shoot growth, leaf area, and on dry weight (DW) partitioning into leaves, fruit, trunk, and branch sections was investigated using 7-year-old `Lambert' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees. Dormant trees were sampled in the spring, and fruiting and deblossomed trees were sampled and compared at fruit harvest and just before leaf fall. Fruiting reduced shoot growth, leaf area, and above-ground DW accumulation of the trees. The annual above-ground DW accumulated was 13.4 kg for fruiting trees and 16.0 kg for nonfruiting trees. The greatest proportion of above-ground DW was partitioned to wood, whereas the least was partitioned to fruit. Current-season's growth (wood and leaves) appears to be a greater sink for photosynthates than is fruit because a greater proportion of above-ground DW was partitioned to current-season's growth than to fruit.

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

scholarly journals The Application of Machine Learning for Cultivar Discrimination of Sweet Cherry Endocarp

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Ewa Ropelewska
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Color Space ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Geometric Features ◽  
Color Spaces ◽  
Discriminative Models ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Rgb Color Space ◽  
Cultivar Discrimination ◽  
Color Channels

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the texture and geometric parameters of endocarp (pit) for distinguishing different cultivars of sweet cherries using image analysis. The textures from images converted to color channels and the geometric parameters of the endocarp (pits) of sweet cherry ‘Kordia’, ‘Lapins’, and ‘Büttner’s Red’ were calculated. For the set combining the selected textures from all color channels, the accuracy reached 100% when comparing ‘Kordia’ vs. ‘Lapins’ and ‘Kordia’ vs. ‘Büttner’s Red’ for all classifiers. The pits of ‘Kordia’ and ‘Lapins’, as well as ‘Kordia’ and ‘Büttner’s Red’ were also 100% correctly discriminated for discriminative models built separately for RGB, Lab and XYZ color spaces, G, L and Y color channels and for models combining selected textural and geometric features. For discrimination ‘Lapins’ and ‘Büttner’s Red’ pits, slightly lower accuracies were determined—up to 93% for models built based on textures selected from all color channels, 91% for the RGB color space, 92% for the Lab and XYZ color spaces, 84% for the G and L color channels, 83% for the Y channel, 94% for geometric features, and 96% for combined textural and geometric features.

scholarly journals Identification and Sequence Analysis of a Novel Ilarvirus Infecting Sweet Cherry

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Chrysoula G. Orfanidou ◽  
Fei Xing ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Shifang Li ◽  
Nikolaos I. Katis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Sanger Sequencing ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Blastn Analysis ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Prunus Spp

In the present study, we utilized high throughput and Sanger sequencing to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of a putative new ilarvirus species infecting sweet cherry, tentatively named prunus virus I (PrVI). The genome of PrVI is comprised of three RNA segments of 3474 nt (RNA1), 2911 nt (RNA2), and 2231 nt (RNA3) and features conserved motifs representative of the genus Ilarvirus. BlastN analysis revealed 68.1–71.9% nt identity of PrVI with strawberry necrotic shock virus (SNSV). In subsequent phylogenetic analysis, PrVI was grouped together with SNSV and blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus (BCRV), both members of subgroup 1 of ilarviruses. In addition, mini-scale surveys in stone fruit orchards revealed the presence of PrVI in a limited number of sweet cherries and in one peach tree. Overall, our data suggest that PrVI is a novel species of the genus Ilarvirus and it consists the fifth member of the genus that is currently known to infect Prunus spp.

scholarly journals Potential of UAS-Based Remote Sensing for Estimating Tree Water Status and Yield in Sweet Cherry Trees

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2359
Author(s):  
Víctor Blanco ◽  
Pedro José Blaya-Ros ◽  
Cristina Castillo ◽  
Fulgencio Soto-Vallés ◽  
Roque Torres-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Cherry Trees

The present work aims to assess the usefulness of five vegetation indices (VI) derived from multispectral UAS imagery to capture the effects of deficit irrigation on the canopy structure of sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.) in southeastern Spain. Three irrigation treatments were assayed, a control treatment and two regulated deficit irrigation treatments. Four airborne flights were carried out during two consecutive seasons; to compare the results of the remote sensing VI, the conventional and continuous water status indicators commonly used to manage sweet cherry tree irrigation were measured, including midday stem water potential (Ψs) and maximum daily shrinkage (MDS). Simple regression between individual VIs and Ψs or MDS found stronger relationships in postharvest than in preharvest. Thus, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), resulted in the strongest relationship with Ψs (r2 = 0.67) and MDS (r2 = 0.45), followed by the normalized difference red edge (NDRE). The sensitivity analysis identified the optimal soil adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI) as the VI with the highest coefficient of variation in postharvest and the difference vegetation index (DVI) in preharvest. A new index is proposed, the transformed red range vegetation index (TRRVI), which was the only VI able to statistically identify a slight water deficit applied in preharvest. The combination of the VIs studied was used in two machine learning models, decision tree and artificial neural networks, to estimate the extra labor needed for harvesting and the sweet cherry yield.

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