Nitric Oxide as a Remedy against Oxidative Damages in Apple Seeds Undergoing Accelerated Ageing

Seed ageing is associated with a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seeds belong to the orthodox type. Due to a deep dormancy, they may be stored in dry condition at 5 °C for a long time, without viability loss. In the laboratory, artificial ageing of apple seeds is performed by imbibition in wet sand at warm temperature (33 °C). The aim of the work was to study nitric oxide (NO) as a seed vigour preservation agent. Embryos isolated from apple seeds subjected to accelerated ageing for 7, 14, 21 or 40 days were fumigated with NO. Embryo quality was estimated by TTC and MDA tests. ROS level was confirmed by NBT staining. We analysed the alteration in transcript levels of CAT, SOD and POX. NO fumigation of embryos of seeds aged for 21 days stimulated germination and increased ROS level which correlated to the elevated expression of RBOH. The increased total antioxidant capacity after NO fumigation was accompanied by the increased transcript levels of genes encoding enzymatic antioxidants, that could protect against ROS overaccumulation. Moreover, post-aged NO application diminished the nitro-oxidative modification of RNA, proving NO action as a remedy in oxidative remodelling after seeds ageing.

Study of Contamination of Some Plants With Some Heavy Metals and Study The Presence of Cyanide in Plants in The City of Mosul

The research included a study on the presence of some heavy metals, including copper, iron and zinc in some medicinal plants circulating in the city of Mosul, as well as the study of the presence of cyanide in some other plants, when measuring the concentration of iron in saffron was less concentrated among plants of 0.797 mg/kg, followed by anise 7.3417 mg/kg, followed by mint 10.87 mg/kg. Kg and high concentrations appeared in the coriander plant, where the iron concentration was 486.6 mg/kg, ginger bread 396.49 mg/kg and corn 200.1 mg/kg and Marjoram 154.2 mg/kg, either Measuring the concentration of potters in medicinal plants in saffron plant was the lowest concentration of all plants used in the study and was 0.304 mg/kg followed by anise 7.8 mg/kg, followed by oranges 17.58 mg/kg, and high concentrations of coriander 179.2 mg/kg, ginger 111.3 mg/kg, while measuring of the concentration of copper in the medicinal plants used in the study the ratio of copper in saffron was low and amounted to 0.377 mg/kg (Dry weight), the highest concentration of copper was in the coriander plant, which was 120.922 mg/kg, ginger copper concentration was 50.78 mg/kg, and for the rest of the plants the concentration of copper ranged from (2.93 to 36.1) 22 mg/kg), while when measuring the iron ratio in the medicinal plants used in the study, and in a study The concentration of cyanide in plants (diphtheloide, apple seeds, perfalathseeds, henna seeds, castor seeds) by Spectrophotometer has been obtained different cyanide concentrations in these plants in the diphtherty the highest ratio of cyanide is 71.4 micrograms/30g (dry weight) followed by castor seeds 64.05 micrograms/30g, followed by henna seeds 31.36 mcg/30g, while in apple seeds the concentration of cyanide was 29.6 μg/30g and orange seeds 10.95 mcg/30g.

The Effect Of Bioinsecticide Granule Mixture Of Sugar Apple Seed (Annonae Squamosa) And Betel Leaf (Piper Betle) On Morphology Of Eggs Aedes Aegypti

Introduction: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an important public health problem in Indonesia because its morbidity and mortality are quite high. Prevention by vector control methods with chemical insecticides adversely affects the environment. Research on granular bioinsectide mixture of betel leaf extract and sugar apple seeds against Aedes aegypti is expected to be used to break the chain of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes starting from the juvenile stage (eggs) as an effort to control the vector population naturally. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of granule bioinsecticide mixture of sugar apple seed extract and betel leaf on changes in the morphology of Aedes aegypti eggs. Methods: This study is a true-experimental study with a Post test Only Control Group Design design. The treatment group will be given a granular bioinsecticide, a mixture of sugar apple seed extract and betel leaf, positive control will be given abate while negative control will be given aquades. Each group uses 25 eggs with 3 repetitions. On day 3, all eggs will be observed using a stereo microscope to determine morphological changes. The data obtained will be analyzed using ordinal regression test. Results: the ordinal regression test got the value of ρ in the Wald test between (0.012 - 0.955)> α = 0.01. Conclusion: there is no effect of mixed granules of betel leaf and sugar apple seeds on the mortality of Aedes aegypti eggs. Further research is needed on new formulations using other natural ingredients to increase the effect of ovicides on Aedes aegypti.

Circular economy in apple processing industry: Biodiesel production from waste apple seeds

Apple pomace is a solid waste derived from the apple processing industry. To foster sustainability, the apple processing industry must implement the circular economy model of biorefinery and treat apple pomace as a valuable source of apple seed oil. The first time, this study dealt with the design, economic, and potential environmental impact assessment of biodiesel production using apple pomace as a source of apple seed oil. An Aspen Plus? and WAR? software were used to evaluate the designed biodiesel production. Supercritical CO2 extraction and methanolysis of apple seed oil, methanol recovery, and biodiesel separation were the main production steps. The production facility was assumed to process 24 tons of apple seeds daily. The total capital and production costs were 1.26 US$ million and 2.82 US$ million, respectively. If revenues from selling apple seed meal as cattle feed were included, a biodiesel price could be 0.39 US$/kg. The process was environmentally friendly when apple seed meal was not treated as waste.

Moisture Influences of Some Physical and Gravimetric Properties of Ackee Apple Seeds (Blighia sapida

This research evaluated and determined some moisture-influenced physical and gravimetric properties of Blighia sapida seeds relevant to machine design at 11.9, 17.0, 22.0, 27.0 and 32.0% moisture levels (wet basis). These properties are vital in handling and seed process design. With increasing seed moisture (11.9 to 32.0%), there was no statistically significant effect on the seed axial dimensions, principal diameters, sphericity and surface area. This is because seed axial dimensions relatively determine other properties afore stated. However, there were significant and linear increases in thousand seed mass (189.3 – 230.3 g), bulk (377.0 - 418.3 kg m-3) and true (714.3 - 771.1 kg m-3) densities but decrease in porosity was not significant. Increase in bulk and true densities is due to the rate of increase in the seed mass being more rapid than the rate of increase in its volume, as the seed moisture increased. A non-linear decrease showed in seed volume (3.4-3.2 cm3). Behavioral patterns of ackee seeds and their investigated properties, under increasing moisture was expressed using regression models. Required primary data for the design of handling techniques and process machinery for ackee apple seeds were generated.