Aerenchyma Formation in Adventitious Roots of Tall Fescue and Cocksfoot under Waterlogged Conditions

The formation of aerenchyma in adventitious roots is one of the most crucial adaptive traits for waterlogging tolerance in plants. Pasture grasses, like other crops, can be affected by waterlogging, and there is scope to improve tolerance through breeding. In this study, two summer-active cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars, Lazuly and Porto, and two summer-active tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Schreb., syn. Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivars, Hummer and Quantum II MaxP, were selected to investigate the effects of waterlogging on root growth and morphological change. Cultivars were subjected to four periods of waterlogging treatments (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), while comparable plants were kept under free drained control conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split–split plot design, with waterlogging treatments (waterlogged, control) considered as main plots, time periods (days of waterlogging) as subplots and cultivars as sub-subplots. Plants began to show signs of waterlogging stress 14–21 days after the onset of waterlogging treatments. There were no significant differences in shoot biomass between the waterlogged and control plants of any cultivar. However, waterlogging significantly reduced root dry matter in all cultivars, with greater reduction in cocksfoot (56%) than in tall fescue (38%). Waterlogging also led to increased adventitious root and aerenchyma formation in both species. Cocksfoot cultivars showed a greater increase in adventitious roots, while tall fescue cultivars had a greater proportion of aerenchyma. Both cultivars within each species showed similar responses to waterlogging treatments. However, an extended screening program is needed to identify whether there are varietal differences within species, which could be used to discover genes related to aerenchyma or adventitious root formation (waterlogging tolerance) for use in breeding programs.

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Nitric oxide participates in waterlogging tolerance through enhanced adventitious root formation in the euhalophyte Suaeda salsa

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp15120 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 244 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Tianshu Chen ◽

Fang Yuan ◽

Jie Song ◽

Baoshan Wang

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Adventitious Roots ◽

Root Formation ◽

Reductase Activity ◽

Adventitious Root Formation ◽

Suaeda Salsa ◽

Cell Integrity ◽

Waterlogging Tolerance ◽

No Donor

The interactions of NO and other signalling molecules contribute to adventitious root formation in many plant species. To our knowledge, the role of NO in the adventitious root formation of plants subjected to waterlogging are as yet unknown. Populations of Suaeda salsa L., a C3 euhalophytic plant, from inland saline sites develop several adventitious roots in response to waterlogging. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1–1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) were applied to S. salsa seedlings to examine the effects of NO on flooding tolerance and its possible mechanism. SNP alleviated growth inhibition and increased adventitious root formation, endogenous NO levels and adventitious root cell integrity in S. salsa subjected to waterlogging. These SNP-mediated effects were prevented by the extra application of cPTIO. SNP treatment decreased nitrate reductase activity but increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in adventitious roots. These results suggest that in S. salsa, NO participates in waterlogging tolerance by enhancing adventitious root formation and that NO generation is associated with the NOS-associated pathway.

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PERFORMANCE OF FOUR IRRIGATED PASTURE MIXTURES UNDER GRAZING BY SHEEP

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps61-080 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 533-543 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. B. Wilson ◽

R. D. Clark

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Reed Canary Grass ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Canary Grass ◽

Medicago Sativa L ◽

Trifolium Repens L ◽

Dactylis Glomerata L ◽

Moderate Yield

Four herbage mixtures with two levels of fertilizer application were compared for 6 consecutive years under grazing by sheep. The most satisfactory mixture with respect to yield, persistence, and stability was one of orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L., smooth bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leys., creeping red fescue, Festuca rubra L., and ladino clover, Trifolium repens L. The same mixture of grasses without clover was lower yielding even with annual applications of 78 pounds of nitrogen and 48 pounds of P2O5 per acre. A mixture of orchardgrass, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea L., and alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. yielded well, and combated weed encroachment but the alfalfa did not persist beyond the third year. Tall fescue was very aggressive in this mixture. A mixture of orchardgrass and ladino clover yielded well for a few years but became badly infested with weeds as the orchardgrass was reduced through winter killing. Moderate yield increases were obtained from phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizer applications on all mixtures.

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Relative Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) to Flucarbazone

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-11-00139.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 673-678 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Patrick E. McCullough ◽

Jialin Yu ◽

James T. Brosnan ◽

Gregory K. Breeden

Keyword(s):

Lolium Perenne ◽

Perennial Ryegrass ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Early Summer ◽

Growth Chamber ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Relative Tolerance ◽

Sequential Treatments

Flucarbazone controls certain grassy weeds in wheat and may have potential for controlling perennial ryegrass in tall fescue turf. The objective of these experiments was to investigate perennial ryegrass and tall fescue tolerance to flucarbazone at two application timings. In field experiments, flucarbazone applications in May were more injurious to both species than in February and March. Single applications of flucarbazone from 30 to 60 g ai ha−1in May injured both species 35 to 50% and sequential treatments increased injury approximately twofold. Two applications of flucarbazone at 60 g ha−1in May injured both grasses > 90%, similar to sequential applications of trifloxysulfuron at 29 g ai ha−1. In growth chamber experiments, injury from flucarbazone on both grasses increased as temperature increased from 10 to 30 C. Flucarbazone reduced total shoot biomass of both grasses at all temperatures after 4 wk. Overall, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are tolerant to flucarbazone at moderate temperatures (10 to 20 C). However, injury increased substantially under warmer conditions (30 C), suggesting flucarbazone could control perennial ryegrass and tall fescue during late spring and early summer.

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Highly Successful Adventitious Root Formation of Zamia L. Stem Cuttings Exhibits Minimal Response to Indole-3-Butyric Acid

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15212-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (9) ◽

pp. 1463-1467 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Benjamin E. Deloso ◽

Anders J. Lindström ◽

Frank A. Camacho ◽

Thomas E. Marler

Keyword(s):

Butyric Acid ◽

Root Development ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Adventitious Roots ◽

Root Formation ◽

Adventitious Root Formation ◽

The Other ◽

Control Group ◽

Stem Cuttings ◽

Adventitious Root Development

The influences of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations of 0–30 mg·g−1 on the success and speed of adventitious root development of Zamia furfuracea L.f. and Zamia integrifolia L.f. stem cuttings were determined. Root formation success for both species was greater than 95%. The IBA concentrations did not influence the speed of root development for Z. furfuracea, but the Z. integrifolia cuttings that received IBA concentration of 3 mg·g−1 generated adventitious roots more slowly than the cuttings in the control group. The ending dry weights of the stems, leaves, and roots were not influenced by IBA concentration for either species. Our results indicated that adventitious root formation on stem cuttings of these two Zamia species is successful without horticultural application of IBA. Additional IBA studies are needed on the other 300+ cycad species, especially those that are in a threatened category.

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Nitric oxide is involved in the brassinolide-induced adventitious root development in cucumber

10.21203/rs.2.15514/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Li Yutong ◽

Yue Wu ◽

Weibiao Liao ◽

Linli Hu ◽

Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Adventitious Roots ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Adventitious Root Formation ◽

No Donor ◽

Cucumis Sativus L ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Relative Expression Level ◽

High Concentrations

Abstract Background: Brassinolide (BR), as a new type of plant hormones, is involved in the processes of plant growth and stress response. Previous studies have reported the roles of BR in regulating plant developmental processes and also response tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants. The main purpose of our study was to explore whether nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the process of BR-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). Results: Exogenous application of 1 μM BR significantly promoted adventitious rooting, while high concentrations of BR (2-8 μM) effectively inhibited adventitious rooting. NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acerylpenicillamine, SNAP) promoted the occurrence of adventitious roots. Simultaneously, BR and SNAP applied together significantly promoted adventitious rooting and the combined effect was superior to the application of BR or SNAP alone. Moreover, NO scavenger (c-PTIO) and inhibitors (L-NAME and Tungstate) inhibited the positive effects of BR on adventitious rooting. BR at 1 μM also increased endogenous NO content, NO synthase (NOS-like) and Nitrate reductase (NR) activities, while BRz (a specific BR biosynthesis inhibitor) decreased these effects. In addition, the relative expression level of NR was up-regulated by BR and SNAP, whereas BRz down-regulated it. The application of NO inhibitor (Tungstate) in BR also inhibited the up-regulation of NR . Conclusion: BR promoted the formation of adventitious roots by inducing the production of endogenous NO in cucumber.

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Nitric oxide is involved in the brassinolide-induced adventitious root development in cucumber

10.21203/rs.2.15514/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Li Yutong ◽

Yue Wu ◽

Weibiao Liao ◽

Linli Hu ◽

Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Adventitious Roots ◽

Adventitious Rooting ◽

Adventitious Root Formation ◽

No Donor ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Relative Expression Level ◽

New Type ◽

High Concentrations

Abstract Background: Brassinolide (BR), as a new type of plant hormones, is involved in the processes of plant growth and stress response. Previous studies have reported the roles of BR in regulating plant developmental processes and also response tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants. The main purpose of our study was to explore whether nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the process of BR-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Results: Exogenous application of 1 μM BR significantly promoted adventitious rooting, while high concentrations of BR (2-8 μM) effectively inhibited adventitious rooting. NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acerylpenicillamine, SNAP) promoted the occurrence of adventitious roots. Simultaneously, BR and SNAP applied together significantly promoted adventitious rooting and the combined effect was superior to the application of BR or SNAP alone. Moreover, NO scavenger (c-PTIO) and inhibitors (L-NAME and Tungstate) inhibited the positive effects of BR on adventitious rooting. BR at 1 μM also increased endogenous NO content, NO synthase (NOS-like) and Nitrate reductase (NR) activities, while BRz (a specific BR biosynthesis inhibitor) decreased these effects. In addition, the relative expression level of NR was up-regulated by BR and SNAP, whereas BRz down-regulated it. The application of NO inhibitor (Tungstate) in BR also inhibited the up-regulation of NR. Conclusion: BR promoted the formation of adventitious roots by inducing the production of endogenous NO in cucumber.

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Polyamines and adventitious root formation in Vitis vinifera L.

OENO One ◽

10.20870/oeno-one.2002.36.2.1689 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 97

Author(s):

Laurence Geny ◽

R. Dalmasso ◽

Michel Broquedis

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Adventitious Root ◽

Adventitious Roots ◽

Root Formation ◽

Adventitious Root Formation ◽

Free Polyamines ◽

Conjugated Polyamines ◽

Mean Size ◽

The Mean

<p style="text-align: justify;">The effects of polyamines were examined for growth and polyamine contents in cultings, callus and primary adventitious roots of <em>Vitis vinifera</em> L. Variations in free, conjugated and wall-bound polyamines in cuttings were observed during rhizogenesis. The main polyamines in cuttings were conjugated polyamines while in callus and primary adventitious roots they were free polyamines. Exogenous polyamine addition did not modify the total number of roots per cutting but increased the mean size and number of long roots. Moreover, exogenous polyamines increased polyamine levels in callus and roots, particurlarly wall-bound and conjugated polyamines. The involvement of these classes of polyamines in morphogenic processes is discussed.</p>

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Effects of grazing interval on basal cover of four perennial grasses in a summer-dry environment

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea98015 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 299 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. M. Virgona ◽

A. Bowcher

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Perennial Grass ◽

Perennial Grasses ◽

Grass Species ◽

Basal Cover ◽

South Wales ◽

Supplementary Irrigation ◽

Movement Index ◽

Dactylis Glomerata L

The response to variation in grazing interval over the spring–autumn period in southern New South Wales was examined on 4 perennial grass species over 2 years. Plots of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirolan), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Porto), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb cv. Demeter) and a native danthonia (Danthonia richardsonii cv. Taranna), were grazed by sheep every 2, 5 or 8 weeks, either rainfed or given supplementary irrigation. Basal cover was monitored over this period and is combined with measurements of phenological development and herbage mass to explain differences in persistence. The seasons differed with respect to rainfall, 1994–95 being dry compared to 1995–96. Over the 1994–95 season, the relative change in basal cover [RCBC, the ratio of final (May 1995) to initial (September 1994) basal cover] of the 3 introduced perennial grasses was significantly less than 1, which indicated a decline in basal cover over the measurement period. In contrast, RCBC was 1.55 for danthonia. Grazing interval treatments significantly affected RCBC in 1994–95, RCBC increasing with grazing interval. In the 8-week grazing interval, RCBC did not significantly differ from 1. Changes in density were also measured in 1994–95 and followed a similar pattern to RCBC for species effects although there was no significant effect of grazing interval. In 1995–96, there were interactions between watering and both species and grazing interval. The RCBC (September 1995–May 1996) was significantly greater than 1 for cocksfoot and tall fescue under irrigated conditions but not under rainfed conditions. The response to grazing interval depended on water supply. The 5-week grazing interval led to the highest RCBC under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. However, when rainfed, the 5- and 8-week treatments were not significantly different, whereas under irrigation, the 2- and 5-week treatments did not significantly differ. For the 1995–96 season, a movement index (MI, ratio of newly colonised area to that occupied throughout the season) was measured. There was a strong interaction between species and watering but phalaris was the most mobile (highest MI) of the 4 species under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. The absence of any interaction between species and grazing interval in either 1994–95 or 1995–96 suggests that response to grazing of these species may be similar despite differences in survival mechanisms.

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Tall fescue or creeping foxtail suppresses foxtail barley

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p01-036 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 89-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. R. Moyer ◽

A. L. Boswall

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Grass Species ◽

Agropyron Smithii ◽

Western Wheatgrass ◽

Hordeum Jubatum ◽

Dactylis Glomerata L

Foxtail barley (Hordeum jubatum L.) is a troublesome weed in irrigated pastures. Several grass species seeded on two irrigated pastures at Lethbridge to test their ability to compete with foxtail barley. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir) reduced foxtail barley groundcover significantly compared to orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), pubescent wheatgrass (Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt.) and western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii Rydb.); therefore, seeding of these grasses in areas subject to foxtail barley invasion should be encouraged. Key words: Foxtail barley, tall fescue, creeping foxtail, wet soils, salinity, weed suppression

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An evaluation of tall fescue, phalaris and cocksfoot in mixes as an alternative to single-species pastures

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1994.56.2142 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 133-138

Author(s):

R.J. Johnson ◽

N.A. Thomson ◽

D.A. Mccallum ◽

T.G. Judd

Keyword(s):

Tall Fescue ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Single Species ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Pasture Production ◽

Phalaris Aquatica ◽

Matter Production ◽

Dactylis Glomerata L

Seasonal and annual dry matter production of ryegrass was compared with drought- and grass grub-tolerant species Grasslands Roa tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), Grasslands Maru phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) and Grasslands Kara cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) as both single species and different combinations of mixes in two trials from 1982 to 1991. In trial 1, Nui ryegrass (damaged by Argentine stem weevil) produced significantly less than cocksfoot, phalaris and mixtures of the drought-tolerant grasses. Yatsyn-1 ryegrass in trial 2 was not subjected to stem weevil attack and the annual dry matter production was significantly higher than that of tall fescue and, although not significantly, higher than that of phalaris and cocksfoot. In both trials the highest producing mixture was the phalaris/ cocksfoot mix with the exception of the triple mix of phalaris/cocksfoot/tall fescue in trial 2. The phalaris/cocksfoot mix produced significantly more than phalaris as a single species and although not significant, 14% more than cocksfoot suggesting these species are complementary in a mix. The triple mix in trial 2 produced significantly more than all single species except ryegrass. Mixes of srgnificant. tall fescue/phalaris and tall fescue/cocksfoot had no advantage in DM production over single-species sowings of phalaris or cocksfoot, but improved yields over tall fescue. These results show possible complementary effects to sowing phalaris and cocksfoot. The addition of tall fescue to the mix had small and non-significant benefits. Keywords: Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Loliumperenne, Phalaris aquatica. grass grub, pasture mixes, pasture production, single species, summer dry spells

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