scholarly journals Foliar Application of Protein Hydrolysates on Baby-Leaf Spinach Grown at Different N Levels

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Anna Bonasia ◽  
Giulia Conversa ◽  
Corrado Lazzizera ◽  
Antonio Elia
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
N Assimilation ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

Surpluses of N are associated with environmental and health problems. To optimise N use and reduce nitrate accumulation in leafy species like spinach, the application of biostimulants is suggested. An experiment in controlled conditions (growth chamber/soilless) evaluated baby-spinach responses to two protein hydrolysates (PHs) from plant (legume, Trainer®) and animal (meat, Isabion®) sources, combined with three N rates: 2 (N2, deficient), 8 (N8, sub-optimal), and 14 (N14, optimal) mM of N. Biometrical and morphological traits of shoots and roots as well as the physio-metabolic (gas exchange, N assimilation, and NUtE), physical, mineral, and antioxidant profiles of leaves were assessed. The legume-PH boosts growth and yield only at the highest N conditions, while there was no effect at lower N rates. The legume-PH modulates root architecture and chlorophylls has positive responses only at optimal N availability, such as an increase in N uptake, leaf expansion, and photosynthetic activity at the canopy level. The PHs do not improve NUtE, leaf colour, consistency, cations, or antioxidants. Neither do PHs have any effect on reducing nitrate accumulation. Legume-PH improves N assimilation only at optimal N availability, while meat-PH does not, reaching the highest nitrate value at the highest N rate (2677 mg kg−1 fw), even if this value is under the EC limits for fresh spinach.

scholarly journals Foliar and root uptake of N deriving from simulated atmospheric N depositions in potted apple (Malus domestica) trees

Italus Hortus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Damiano Zanotelli ◽  
Massimo Tagliavini ◽  
Marta Petrillo ◽  
Carlo Andreotti
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Past Century ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Total N ◽  
15N Labelling ◽  
Atmospheric Depositions ◽  
N Rates

A significant human-driven increment of the available reactive nitrogen (Nr) forms has occurred during the past century at the global scale, which in turn has increased the amount of Nr deposition. Grafted apple trees (Gala / M.9 strain T337) were used in a pot experiment conducted in semicontrolled conditions, where the 15N-labelling technique allowed to trace the fate of N from ammonium nitrate (15NH4 15NO3, isotopic enrichment: 10.3 atoms %) distributed at three increasing rates (N1, N2, N4, where N2 is the double of N1 and N4 is the double of N2) either to soil or to canopy (foliar application) to simulate atmospheric N depositions. At the end of the experiment, plants were destructively sampled, and N derived from depositions (Ndfd), total N, and biomass of above and belowground organs were determined. Uptake rates ranged from 21% to 57% and the Ndfd recovery was higher for soil than for foliar application. Foliar-supplied plants showed a higher Ndfd in leaves and shoots than soil-supplied ones, while the latter showed a higher Ndfd in roots than the former. Moreover, total N in trunk, shoot axes and leaves increased with the N rates up to the level N2, with no further increase in N4. Increasing tree N availability, regardless the supply mode, increased the shoot:root N content. The fact that the N uptake rate was rather stable at increasing N rates suggests that if N from atmospheric depositions becomes increasingly available at the canopy or soil level, it will actively contribute to apple tree nutrition and account for a significant fraction of the apple tree N needs.

scholarly journals Rice NIN-LIKE PROTEIN 4 is a master regulator of nitrogen use efficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wu ◽  
Zi-Sheng Zhang ◽  
Jing-Qiu Xia ◽  
Alamin Alfatih ◽  
Ying Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Master Regulator ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

AbstractNitrogen (N) is one of the key essential macronutrients that affects rice growth and yield. Inorganic N fertilizers are excessively used to boost yield and generate serious collateral environmental pollution. Therefore, improving crop N use efficiency (NUE) is highly desirable and has been a major endeavor in crop improvement. However, only a few regulators have been identified that can be used to improve NUE in rice to date. Here we show that the NIN-like protein OsNLP4 significantly improves the rice NUE and yield. Field trials consistently showed that loss-of-OsNLP4 dramatically reduced yield and NUE compared with wild type under different N regimes. In contrast, the OsNLP4 overexpression lines remarkably increased yield by 30% and NUE by 47% under moderate N level compared with wild type. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that OsNLP4 orchestrates the expression of a majority of known N uptake, assimilation and signaling genes by directly binding to the nitrate-responsive cis-element in their promoters to regulate their expression. Moreover, overexpression of OsNLP4 can recover the phenotype of Arabidopsis nlp7 mutant and enhance its biomass. Our results demonstrate that OsNLP4 is a master regulator of NUE in rice and sheds light on crop NUE improvement.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on seed yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and seed quality of Brassica carinata

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Johnson ◽  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
L. M. Hall ◽  
S. Phelps
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

Johnson, E. N., Malhi, S. S., Hall, L. M. and Phelps, S. 2013. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application on seed yield, N uptake, N use efficiency, and seed quality of Brassica carinata . Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 1073–1081. Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) is a relatively new crop in western Canada and research information on its response to N fertilizer is lacking. Two field experiments (exp. 1 at 3 site-years and exp. 2 at 4 site-years) were conducted from 2008 to 2010 in Saskatchewan and Alberta, Canada, to determine effect of N fertilizer application on Brassica carinata plant density, seed and straw yield, N uptake in seed and straw, N use efficiency (NUE), N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) and seed quality. N rates applied were 0 to 160 kg N ha−1 and 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 in exps. 1 and 2, respectively. Plant density was not affected by increasing N rate at 5 site-years but declined with high rates of N application at 2 site-years. Seed yield responded to applied N in 6 of 7 site-years, with the non-responsive site having a high total N uptake at the 0 kg N ha−1 rate (high Nt value). There were no sites where seed yields were maximized with the N rates applied. Response trends of straw yield and N uptake were similar to that of seed yield at the corresponding site-years. NUE and NFUE generally declined as N rate increased. Protein concentration in seed generally increased and oil concentration in seed decreased with increasing N rates. In conclusion, the responses of seed yield, total N uptake, NUE, and NFUE to applied N was similar to those reported in other Brassica species with the exception that a rate was not identified in which Brassica carinata yields were maximized.

scholarly journals Functional differences in seasonally absorbed nitrogen in a winter-green perennial herb

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 190034
Author(s):  
Satomi Nishitani ◽  
Atsushi Ishida ◽  
Toshie Nakamura ◽  
Naoki Kachi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
N Use ◽  
Leaf N

Nitrogen (N) uptake in response to its availability and effective N-use are important for determining plant fitness, as N is a major limiting resource and its availability changes both seasonally and annually. Storage organs such as bulbs are considered an adaptive trait with respect to plant N-use strategies. It is well known that N is remobilized from storage organs to satisfy the high demand for new growth that is not completely satisfied by external uptake alone. However, little is known about how this N absorbed during different seasons contributes to plant performance. By manipulating seasonal N availability in potted Lycoris radiata var. radiata (Amaryllidaceae), a winter-green perennial, we found that the N absorbed during different seasons had different effects on leaf growth and leaf N concentrations, effectively increasing the growth and survival of the plants. N absorbed during the summer (leafless period; N was thus stored in the bulb) enhanced plant growth by increasing leaf growth. Compared with the plants supplied with N during autumn (leaf flush period), the leafy plants also showed greater growth per unit leaf area despite the lower area-based photosynthetic capacity of the latter. By contrast, N absorbed during the autumn increased the leaf N concentration and thus the photosynthetic capacity, which was considered to enhance survival and growth of the plant during winter by reducing the potentially fatal risk caused by the absorption of photons under low temperature. Our findings have important implications for estimating plant responses to environmental changes. We predict that changes in seasonal N availability impact the performance of plants, even that of perennials that have large storage organs, via an altered relative investment of N into different functions.

Effect of nitrogen rate and fertilizer nitrogen source on physiology, yield, grain quality, and nitrogen use efficiency in corn

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip K. Biswas ◽  
Bao-Luo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
N Source ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

A two-year (2010–2011) field experiment was undertaken to examine the effect of nitrogen (N) rate (0, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1) and N source (urea, calcium ammonium nitrate; ammonium sulphate) on canopy reflectance, chlorophyll pigments, photosynthesis, yield, grain quality, and N-use efficiency in corn. However, the physiological observations were made only in 2011. We found that stover biomass was unaffected by higher N rate beyond 150 kg N ha−1 in both years. Higher N rates did not provide a yield advantage as compared to 150 kg N ha−1 in 2010, but the highest grain yield was produced with 200 kg N ha−1 in 2011. The higher grain yield by N application was attributed to a greater kernel size in both years. Corn stover [N] was found to increase with increasing N rates in both years. Kernel [N] only responded to the high N rate in 2010. There was no change in the kernel density as affected by N rate in both years. An increased N addition resulted in a decrease in both N-uptake efficiency and agronomic-N use efficiency in both years. There was an inconsistent effect of N source on yield and N use efficiency indices in the corn over two years.

scholarly journals Agronomic Strategies to Improve N Efficiency Indices in Organic Durum Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Area

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2444
Author(s):  
Federica Carucci ◽  
Giuseppe Gatta ◽  
Anna Gagliardi ◽  
Pasquale De Vita ◽  
Simone Bregaglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Sodium Selenate ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Yield Increase

Organic farming systems are often constrained by limited soil nitrogen (N) availability. Here we evaluated the effect of foliar organic N and sulphur (S), and selenium (Se) application on durum wheat, considering N uptake, utilization efficiency (NUtE), grain yield, and protein concentration as target variables. Field trials were conducted in 2018 and 2019 on two old (Cappelli and old Saragolla) and two modern (Marco Aurelio and Nadif) Italian durum wheat varieties. Four organic fertilization strategies were evaluated, i.e., the control (CTR, dry blood meal at sowing), the application of foliar N (CTR + N) and S (CTR + S), and their joint use (CTR + NS). Furthermore, a foliar application of sodium selenate was evaluated. Three factors—variety, fertilization strategies and selenium application—were arranged in a split-split-plot design and tested in two growing seasons. The modern variety Marco Aurelio led to the highest NUtE and grain yield in both seasons. S and N applications had a positive synergic effect, especially under drought conditions, on pre-anthesis N uptake, N translocation, NUtE, and grain yield. Se treatment improved post-anthesis N uptake and NUtE, leading to 17% yield increase in the old variety Cappelli, and to 13% and 14% yield increase in Marco Aurelio and Nadif, mainly attributed to NUtE increase. This study demonstrated that the synergistic effect of foliar applications could improve organic durum wheat yields in Mediterranean environments, especially on modern varieties.

scholarly journals The mycorrhizal tragedy of the commons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Henriksson ◽  
Oskar Franklin ◽  
Lasse Tarvainen ◽  
John Marshall ◽  
Judith Lundberg-Felten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modelling ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Tragedy Of The Commons ◽  
N Immobilization ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
The Commons ◽  
N Use

<p>Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play a key role in the cycling of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in boreal forests. Trees receive growth-limiting N in exchange for allocating C to their mycorrhizal symbionts, but supplying the fungi with C can also cause N immobilization, which hampers tree growth. We present results from field and greenhouse experiments combined with mathematical modelling, showing that these are not conflicting outcomes.</p><p>Under N limitation, which is the general case in boreal forests, the plant host has been observed to continue supplying its ectomycorrhizal partner with C, and even increasing this C investment, while the fungus reduces mobilization of N to its host (Corrêa et al. 2008, 2010). N is thus withheld under conditions of limiting availability, and the host tree cannot unlock it by supplying the EMF with more C, because such an investment results in further diminishing N returns. Critical to this question is the observation that more than one fungus can form mycorrhiza on a given tree and that several trees can be connected to a given fungal individual (Southworth et al. 2005).</p><p>We hypothesize that plants sharing common ectomycorrhizal symbionts compete with each other for N by exporting C to the EMF network, and vice versa for a fungus. The fungi making up the EMF network export N to hosts if it is absorbed in excess of their own growth demand, which is limited by C; Exporting more than this would reduce their growth, exporting less would reduce their competitiveness for plant C (Näsholm 2013, Franklin 2014). This hypothesis has specific and predictable implications for relationship between plant C export to EMF and N uptake: At the community level, increasing plant C supply to EMF would increase both fungal N uptake and N use, but as soil N availability gradually becomes limiting, uptake should saturate while EMF N use continued to increase, leading to declining N export to plants.</p><p>We conducted two experiments, one in potted mesocosms and the other in a boreal forest setting. Belowground C flux was reduced by shading and/or stem strangling, which is a treatment whereby the flow of C to the root system is physically restricted by blocking transport through the phloem in the stem (Björkman 1944; Henriksson et al. 2015). Strangling a subset of seedlings growing in the same pot accomplishes two things: 1) the total belowground C flux is decreased, and 2) each seedling’s relative contribution to that flux is altered.</p><p>Based on measurements and mathematical modelling, we conclude that belowground C allocation by trees can indeed fuel N immobilization, reducing the amount of N to be distributed among the trees. But we also found that individual trees received nutritional benefits in proportion to their C contribution to the fungal network. We illustrate the evolutionary underpinnings of this situation by drawing on the analogous tragedy of the commons (Hardin 1968), where the shared mycorrhizal network is the commons, and explain how rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> may lead to greater nitrogen immobilization in the future.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of Sources, Split and Foliar Application of KCl and KClO3 on Availability and Uptake of Nitrogen in Aerobic Rice

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
P. Anji Babu ◽  
K. Omar Hattab ◽  
L. Aruna ◽  
R. Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Status

Aim: To investigate the effect of KCl and KClO3 as sources of potassium in aerobic rice with four types of split doses and two levels of foliar applications of potassium. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, Puducherry. Methodology: The rice variety PMK 4 was tested with two sources of potassium viz., Potassium chloride (KCl) and Potassium chlorate (KClO3), four types of split application viz., K control (S1), basal with no split (S2), two splits (S3) and three splits (S4) along with foliar application treatments viz., no foliar (F1) and foliar spray (F2). Results: The results of field experiment revealed that the N availability in soil was more at all stages of crop growth by two and three split doses of potassium. The KClO3 increased the available N status at active and panicle initiation stages. Whereas in flowering stage, the KCl recorded the higher available N status in soil. The nitrogen uptake at active tillering stage and flowering stage was evidently improved with three split doses of potassium. Whereas in panicle initiation stage, the two split doses registered higher N uptake. The nitrogen uptake by both grain and straw was conspicuously higher in three and two split doses of potassium. Conclusion: The split applications tested in this investigation influenced the available N status in soil. Almost in all the stages, three split applications retained more available N in soil. This implies the positive interaction of potassium with nitrogen.

scholarly journals In Quest of Nitrogen Use-Efficient Rice Genotypes for Drought-Prone Rainfed Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswajit Karmakar ◽  
Stephan M. Haefele ◽  
Amelia Henry ◽  
Md Humayun Kabir ◽  
Aminul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Use Efficiency ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
N Rates ◽  
New Germplasm ◽  
N Use ◽  
Poor Management ◽  
Research Institute

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency in rainfed agriculture is generally low because of poor management and unavailability of suitable rice genotypes. There is a need to select rice genotypes with high N use efficiency for these specific environments, which was investigated at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Regional Station, Rajshahi, in two successive years. The performance of six rice genotypes, IR7437170-1-1, BR7873-5*(NIL)-51-HR6, IR83377-B-B-93-3, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) 123, IR83381-B-B-6-1, and Binadhan-7, were tested under four N rates (0, 55, 83, and 110 kg N ha−1) in a strip-plot design. Grain yields generally increased up to 83 kg N ha−1 and declined thereafter. Depending on N rates, mean grain yields increased by 35–45% compared to the control (N0). However, the grain yields of IR83377-B-B-93-3, IRRI 123, and Binadhan-7 increased up to 110 kg N ha−1. N uptake and its use efficiencies were the highest in IR83377-B-B-93-3, which was at par with those in IRRI 123. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) dhan56 and Binadhan-7 showed intermediate performance, while BRRI dhan57 and IR83381-B-B-6-1 showed lower N uptake and N efficiencies. Between 16.5 and 19.2 kg N uptake was required to produce 1 ton of paddy. The genotypes IR83381-B-B-93-3 and IRRI 123 were the most N use efficient irrespective of N rates, but BRRI dhan57 and IR87781-B-B-6-1 were observed to be inefficient genotypes, while BRRI dhan56 and Binadhan-7 were intermediate. Thus, this study indicates the need to test existing and new germplasm for optimal N rates and their NUE, especially in rainfed environments where optimized resource use is essential for higher yields and increased farmers' income.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document