scholarly journals Modelling Carbon Fluxes as an Aid to Understanding Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Root Dynamics

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Arif Robin ◽  
Louis Irving ◽  
Edith Khaembah ◽  
Cory Matthew
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Maintenance Respiration

Despite the importance of roots in determining plant performance, the factors controlling their development and longevity remain poorly understood. Grass morphology is based on repeating units called phytomers, with each capable of producing one leaf, one daughter tiller, and one or more roots. We developed a phytomer-based understanding of root birth, growth and senescence in Lolium perenne, using a modeling approach to explore seasonal effects on root turnover dynamics, and to explore cultivar differences in these processes. Similar to leaves, roots exhibit a clear progression from initiation, growing for approximately seven phyllochrons, with growth rates strongly influenced by environmental conditions. In spring, the phyllochron decreased over the experiment, while it increased in autumn. In spring, C availability exceeding maintenance respiratory requirements allowed root growth at each phytomer position, with a 70/30 split between maintenance and growth. Under C-deficient conditions in autumn, this split was approximately 80/20, with growth limited to younger phytomer positions, while older roots were more susceptible to starvation-induced senescence due to their high C requirements for maintenance respiration.

Root turnover in pasture species: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff B. Reid ◽  
Jim R. Crush
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Long Time ◽  
General Response

Root turnover may have substantial implications for nutrient and carbon cycling and for plant breeding. Turnover was calculated for a previously published dataset for five types of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in the Waikato, New Zealand. Net root populations were measured with mini-rhizotrons at 2-week intervals for 2 years under well-watered conditions. Measurements were also made for 1 year on well-watered plots (W) or plots not watered (NW) during the summer. We expect the measured root counts to relate more closely to root length than to biomass. When ample water was supplied, annual gross root production was ~8 times the average net population, with few differences between the ryegrass types. The general response to withholding water was increased root growth, followed by increased death, and after 3 months there was no substantial net difference between the W and NW treatments. After watering was resumed there was more root growth and death in the NW treatments in the late autumn and winter. The results highlight the importance of making long time-series measurements—differences between watering treatments and depths were sometimes quite different early and late in the experiments. Two ryegrass types had a conspicuous response to water stress, by increasing new root growth at depth, although death rates increased soon after. More research is needed to check for such differences between breeding lines, which might be exploited to improve pasture production in areas prone to drought.

Regrowth of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in response to temperature and defoliation

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Slack ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
J. M. Scott
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Prairie Grass

This glasshouse study was undertaken to determine the effect of temperature and defoliation on the regrowth of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth cv. Matua) in comparison with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Dobson). Individual plants of prairie grass and perennial ryegrass were grown in 2 mini-swards with one half as prairie grass and the other as ryegrass. From H0 (13 weeks after sowing) to the completion of the experiment at H3, one sward was maintained at a day/night temperature of 18/10˚C and the other at 25/15˚C. From H0 to H1, prairie grass was defoliated 4 times at the time taken to regrow 1 new leaf per tiller (1-leaf stage), 2 times at the 2-leaf stage, or once at the 4-leaf stage to 60, 90, or 120 mm stubble height. Similarly, ryegrass was defoliated 3 times at the 1- leaf stage, once at the 1-leaf stage then once at the 2-leaf stage, or once at the 3-leaf stage to 30, 60, or 90 mm stubble height. Plants were subsequently harvested at H1, H2, and H3, being the commencement, mid-point, and completion of the full regrowth cycle (4- and 3-leaf stage for prairie grass and ryegrass, respectively). Prairie grass was more adversely affected by frequent defoliation than ryegrass. The combination of high temperature and frequent defoliation reduced growth rates by 66 v. 54%, stubble dry matter (DM) by 50 v. 11%, root DM by 62 v. 45%, and stubble water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) by 52 v. 21% for prairie grass and ryegrass, respectively. In contrast, ryegrass was more affected by defoliation height than prairie grass, particularly at the higher temperature. Close defoliation and high temperature reduced growth rate by 35 v. 25%, root DM by 18 v. 0%, and stubble WSC by 84% v. 36% for ryegrass and prairie grass, respectively. The number of tillers per plant was reduced by close defoliation, more so at the high temperature in ryegrass but not in prairie grass. Defoliating prairie grass to 90 mm stubble height at the 4-leaf per tiller stage compared with the 1-leaf per tiller led to maximum restoration of stubble WSC reserves as well as maximising leaf and root growth. The higher stubble WSC and greater root DM of prairie grass, together with its ability to maintain growth rates and tillering under high temperature, are attributes which explain why prairie grass appears to be more productive and persistent than ryegrass in a subtropical environment.

scholarly journals Rubisco turnover and its relationship with herbage yield traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2008 ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
E.N. Khaembah ◽  
L.J. Irving ◽  
E.R. Thom ◽  
C. Matthew
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Mapping Population ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Model Mapping ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

Leaf Rubisco content was monitored over the life span of the sixth leaf blades of hydroponically grown perennial ryegrass tillers of 18 genotypes, to determine protein turnover patterns and investigate possible links between protein turnover pattern and plant performance. Keywords: Rubisco, perennial ryegrass, remobilisation, dynamic model, mapping population

scholarly journals Yield, Shoot and Root Growth, and Physiological Responses of Mature Peach Trees to Grass Competition

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1214-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Tworkoski ◽  
D. Michael Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Leaf N

Competitive effects of different grass species were evaluated on growth, yield, leaf N, and leaf water potential of 8-year-old peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees and on weed abundance. Two cultivars (`Loring' on Lovell rootstock and `Redhaven' on Halford rootstock) of peach trees were planted in separate orchards in 1987. Nine orchard floor treatments were installed beneath the peach trees in 1995: Festuca arundinacea Schreber (tall fescue); Lolium perenne L., var. Manhattan II (perennial ryegrass); Lolium perenne L., var. Linn; Agrostis gigantea Roth (red top); Dactylis glomerata L. (orchardgrass); Phleum pratense L. (timothy); Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn. (brome); weedy control; and herbicide weed control (simazine, glyphosate). In general, grasses reduced vegetative growth and yield in both cultivars. Orchardgrass was one of the most competitive species and reduced vertical water sprout length by 15% to 27% and lateral shoot length on fruit-bearing branches by 19% to 30% compared with herbicide treatments. Orchardgrass reduced yield by 37% and 24% in `Loring' and `Redhaven', respectively. All grasses were not equally competitive; `Linn' perennial ryegrass did not significantly reduce growth or yield in `Redhaven'. Control treatments with weeds also did not differ from herbicide treatments in peach tree growth and yield. Grass and weed ground covers consistently reduced peach tree leaf N by at least 10%, compared to herbicide treatment, possibly due to reduced root growth. `Redhaven' root density in the top 10 cm of soil was ≈12 cm·cm-3 in herbicide strips vs. 1 cm·cm-3 in weedy or ground-covered strips. Peach leaf water potential was not affected by grass and weeds. Weed weights were significantly reduced by all grasses compared with weedy control. The results indicate that peach cultivars respond differently to grass competition, but the relative competitiveness of each grass species was similar for both cultivars. Grass competition reduced growth, yield, and pruning weights of mature peach trees, but the reduction in vegetative growth did not significantly reduce pruning time per tree. Grasses that are less inhibitory to peach yield may be useful for weed management in orchards.

The effects of waterlogging on growth, photosynthesis and biomass allocation in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) genotypes with contrasting root development

2003 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. MCFARLANE ◽  
T. A. CIAVARELLA ◽  
K. F. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Root And Shoot Biomass

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is often subject to transient waterlogging during winter under dryland conditions and summer when flood-irrigated. Despite this, little is known about the physiological responses of perennial ryegrass genotypes to waterlogging. In a pot experiment, four perennial ryegrass genotypes with contrasting root growth characteristics were subjected to waterlogging for 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days. The masses of roots and shoots of the genotype Aurora6 were not significantly (P>0·05) reduced by waterlogging, throughout the experiment. All other genotypes exhibited reductions in root and shoot biomass between 14 and 21 days after waterlogging was imposed. The masses of laminae and roots of susceptible genotypes were reduced by up to 70% after 28 days of waterlogging. Aurora6 was also able to maintain photosynthesis for longer into the waterlogging period. However, after 28 days of waterlogging, photosynthesis of all genotypes was reduced by 30–50%. The waterlogging tolerance of Aurora6 was not due to its relatively poor root growth, as its progeny (2178), which also had poor root growth under control conditions, was susceptible to waterlogging. These findings show that there is variation in physiological processes and herbage yield of perennial ryegrass under waterlogged conditions. The implications of these findings for the genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance of perennial ryegrass are discussed.

scholarly journals A COMPARISON OF THREE PERENNIAL RYEGRASS CULTIVARS UNDER CATTLE GRAZING IN THE WAIKATO

1982 ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
G.J. Goold
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Friesian Cattle

Three perennial ryegrass cultivars (L&urn perennr L.), Grasslands 'Ruanui', Grasslands 'Nui' and Yates 'Ellett' were sown in two experiments on different peat soils at Moanatuatua. Both experiments were alternately mown and grazed with Friesian cattle after an establishment period on each soil. Ruanui swards, grown with white clover (Trfolium repens L.) were the least productive one both a partially-developed and a well-developed peat. "Ellett' and 'Nui' swards produced 28% and 20% more total DM than 'Ruanui' on a well developed peat and 16% and 5%, respectively, on a partially-developed peat, over a 21 cut period from September 1976-September 1979. Pasture growth rates were generally lower on the partially-developed peat and cultivar differences were minimized in this experiment. Peak sward growth rates occurred in December-January on both peat soils. Whereas all three ryegrass cultivar swards reached a peak growth rate of approximately 70 kg DM/ha/day on the partially-developed peat, and Ruanui and Nui reached similar levels on the developed peat, Ellett swards attained higher growth rates (90 kg DM/ha/day) on the more fertile peat. Sward growth rates of Ellett and Nui pastures were consistently higher than those of Ruanui in the autumn. Ellett pastures contained more ryegrass and less white clover than Ruanui swards with Nui being intermediate in grass and clover composition. The value of Ellett and Nui on fertile, organic soils in the Waikato is emphasised.

The growth of hill lambs on herbage diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Armstrong ◽  
J. Eadie
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYEarly-weaned lambs were penned indoors for 6 weeks and individually fed to appetite on cold-stored ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or indigenous Agrostis-Festuca herbage of differing maturity. In another experiment similar lambs grazed for 12 weeks on swards of perennial ryegrass or Agrostis-Festuca. Live-weight gain (LWG), herbage organic-matter intake (OMI) and digestibility (OMD) were measured. In the indoor experiment ryegrass was 4–6 percentage units higher in OMD than was Agrostis-Festuca;first harvests were superior to later harvests by the same amount. The intake of ryegrass was 22% greater than that of Agrostis-Festuca. The correlation between OMI/W'73 and herbage cell-wall constituents was —0·80, and that between OMI/W'3 and OMD was 0·78. OMI/W0·73 increased progressively up to about 13 weeks of age.LWG was higher on ryegrass than on Agrostis-Festuca; and LWG on the early harvests of each herbage type exceeded those on the later harvests. LWG was significantly correlated with the intake of digested organic matter (DOMI) (r = 0·85).In the grazing experiment, OMD, OMI and LWG were all lower than in the indoor experiment. LWG on ryegrass was again superior to that on Agrostis-Festuca, and the difference was partly explained by the relationship between DOMI and LWG which had been established indoors.These results suggest that the increase in the growth rates of hill lambs consequent on the improvement of indigenous Agrostis-Festucaswards would be less than that due to the provision of sown pastures of perennial ryegrass.

scholarly journals Effect of sward age on nitrate accumulation in ryegrass.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-273
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Grass Sward

Two indoor trials were done with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to obtain more information about the nitrate-accumulating process of a new-sown grass sward. With an abundant NO3 supply for Italian ryegrass, NO3 accumulation in herbage decreased during 5 successive cuts after sowing, because of increasing NO3 conversion. In the same way the NO3 content in DM in perennial ryegrass was more in the first cut after sowing than in old plants from a pasture 5 years old. After sowing, a considerable part of the assimilate produced was used for stubble and root growth. With older swards these assimilates were increasingly retained in herbage, which is rich in organic N and to a lesser extent in stubble and roots, which are poor in organic N. Because of this, NO3 conversion is restricted in a new-sown grass sward and reaches a maximum in old sward of a permanent pasture, which almost exclusively produces herbage. Consequently nitrate is more apt to accumulate in new-sown grass than in old pasture. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effect of bacterial fertilizers on the properties of a pseudomyceliar chernozem soil and on the biomass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Jakab ◽  
János Kátai ◽  
Magdolna Tállai ◽  
Andrea Balláné Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

A tenyészedényes kísérletünket a DE AGTC MÉK Agrokémiai és Talajtani Intézet tenyészházában állítottuk be 2010. május 27-én. A kísérletben Debrecen-Látókép környékéről származó mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajt alkalmaztunk, amely az alábbi jellemzőkkel rendelkezett: KA: 37,5; leiszapolható rész: 51%; pH(KCl): 5,5; pH(H2O): 6,6; Hu%: 2,8; AL-P2O5: 140 mg·kg-1; AL-K2O: 316,3 mg·kg-1. Az adatok alapján a kísérleti talaj gyengén savanyú, vályog kötöttségű, közepes nitrogén- és foszfor-, valamint jó kálium-ellátottsággal rendelkezett. A kísérletben kontroll-, műtrágya-, valamint szalmakezelést alkalmaztunk, melyeket bizonyos kombinációkban három különböző baktériumkészítménnyel (Bactofil A, EM-1, Microbion UNC) egészítettünk ki. A kísérletet három ismétlésben véletlenblokk elrendezésben állítottuk be. A tesztnövény angolperje (Lolium perenneL.) volt. A kísérlet kezdetétől számított 8. héten a talaj-, valamint a növényminták begyűjtésére került sor. Meghatároztuk a növényminták száraztömegét, a növény foszfor- és káliumtartalmát, valamint a talajminták nitrát-, valamint AL-oldható foszfor- és káliumtartalmát. Eredményeink alapján főbb megállapításaink a következők: – Az angolperje száraztömegét a műtrágyakezelés szignifikánsan növelte. A hatás a tápelem-ellátottság javulásával magyarázható. – A növény foszforkoncentrációja a műtrágyázás következtében csökkent, amelyet a hígulási effektussal magyarázhatunk. – A növény káliumkoncentrációját a műtrágya-, valamint a műtrágya+baktériumtrágya kezelések szignifikánsan serkentették. – A talaj nitráttartalma szignifikánsan növekedett a műtrágyakezelés kivételével minden kezelésben. – A talaj AL-P2O5-tartalma az NPK-műtrágyázás és az EM-1 kezelés következtében statisztikailag igazolható mértékben megnövekedett, míg az AL-K2O-tartalom kizárólag a szalmakezelés hatására nőtt. A baktériumkészítmények önmagukban alkalmazva általában nem eredményeztek jelentős változást a vizsgált paraméterekben, azonban a készítmények szerves/ásványi anyagokkal kombinált adagolása esetében különböző mértékben befolyásolták a vizsgált mutatókat.

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