The effects of waterlogging on growth, photosynthesis and biomass allocation in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) genotypes with contrasting root development

2003 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. MCFARLANE ◽  
T. A. CIAVARELLA ◽  
K. F. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Root And Shoot Biomass

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is often subject to transient waterlogging during winter under dryland conditions and summer when flood-irrigated. Despite this, little is known about the physiological responses of perennial ryegrass genotypes to waterlogging. In a pot experiment, four perennial ryegrass genotypes with contrasting root growth characteristics were subjected to waterlogging for 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days. The masses of roots and shoots of the genotype Aurora6 were not significantly (P>0·05) reduced by waterlogging, throughout the experiment. All other genotypes exhibited reductions in root and shoot biomass between 14 and 21 days after waterlogging was imposed. The masses of laminae and roots of susceptible genotypes were reduced by up to 70% after 28 days of waterlogging. Aurora6 was also able to maintain photosynthesis for longer into the waterlogging period. However, after 28 days of waterlogging, photosynthesis of all genotypes was reduced by 30–50%. The waterlogging tolerance of Aurora6 was not due to its relatively poor root growth, as its progeny (2178), which also had poor root growth under control conditions, was susceptible to waterlogging. These findings show that there is variation in physiological processes and herbage yield of perennial ryegrass under waterlogged conditions. The implications of these findings for the genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance of perennial ryegrass are discussed.

scholarly journals Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC responses to water restriction

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-237
Author(s):  
Francine Falcão de Macedo Nava ◽  
Vilson Conrado da Luz ◽  
Lucas Antonio Stempkowski ◽  
Lenir Fátima Gotz ◽  
Fabiana Tonial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Baccharis Trimera ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Climate change can cause imbalances in plants. Baccharis trimera is a specie usually found in harsh conditions and has medicinal and agricultural properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the biochemical and physiological responses of this plant under water restriction (WR) levels. B. trimera samples were identified and collected in Erechim/RS and propagated in a greenhouse. When acclimated, they were subjected to 0, 25, 75 and 100% WR, determined according to the water saturation in the soil by capillary action. After 30 days of treatment, the physiological responses: growth, and fresh and dry biomass; and the biochemical responses: activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GP) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes, proline, protein and hydrogen peroxide content, and lipid peroxidation, were determined. Data were submitted to regression analysis and Pearson correlation. The WR of 27.37%, on average, induced an increase in physiological parameters, but the root growth was impaired in conditions above 50% of WR. With the increase in WR there was an increase in the activity of SOD in the shoot and APX in the root. In low WR conditions, proline contents were maintained. Therefore, with low levels of WR, around 27%, B. trimera has increase in root growth and root and shoot biomass. Proline, and SOD and APX activity are a pathway that scavenging the stress generated by WR on B. trimera.

Relative Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) to Flucarbazone

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Gregory K. Breeden
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Flucarbazone controls certain grassy weeds in wheat and may have potential for controlling perennial ryegrass in tall fescue turf. The objective of these experiments was to investigate perennial ryegrass and tall fescue tolerance to flucarbazone at two application timings. In field experiments, flucarbazone applications in May were more injurious to both species than in February and March. Single applications of flucarbazone from 30 to 60 g ai ha−1in May injured both species 35 to 50% and sequential treatments increased injury approximately twofold. Two applications of flucarbazone at 60 g ha−1in May injured both grasses > 90%, similar to sequential applications of trifloxysulfuron at 29 g ai ha−1. In growth chamber experiments, injury from flucarbazone on both grasses increased as temperature increased from 10 to 30 C. Flucarbazone reduced total shoot biomass of both grasses at all temperatures after 4 wk. Overall, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are tolerant to flucarbazone at moderate temperatures (10 to 20 C). However, injury increased substantially under warmer conditions (30 C), suggesting flucarbazone could control perennial ryegrass and tall fescue during late spring and early summer.

scholarly journals Modelling Carbon Fluxes as an Aid to Understanding Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Root Dynamics

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Arif Robin ◽  
Louis Irving ◽  
Edith Khaembah ◽  
Cory Matthew
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Maintenance Respiration

Despite the importance of roots in determining plant performance, the factors controlling their development and longevity remain poorly understood. Grass morphology is based on repeating units called phytomers, with each capable of producing one leaf, one daughter tiller, and one or more roots. We developed a phytomer-based understanding of root birth, growth and senescence in Lolium perenne, using a modeling approach to explore seasonal effects on root turnover dynamics, and to explore cultivar differences in these processes. Similar to leaves, roots exhibit a clear progression from initiation, growing for approximately seven phyllochrons, with growth rates strongly influenced by environmental conditions. In spring, the phyllochron decreased over the experiment, while it increased in autumn. In spring, C availability exceeding maintenance respiratory requirements allowed root growth at each phytomer position, with a 70/30 split between maintenance and growth. Under C-deficient conditions in autumn, this split was approximately 80/20, with growth limited to younger phytomer positions, while older roots were more susceptible to starvation-induced senescence due to their high C requirements for maintenance respiration.

scholarly journals Yield, Shoot and Root Growth, and Physiological Responses of Mature Peach Trees to Grass Competition

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1214-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Tworkoski ◽  
D. Michael Glenn
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Leaf N

Competitive effects of different grass species were evaluated on growth, yield, leaf N, and leaf water potential of 8-year-old peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees and on weed abundance. Two cultivars (`Loring' on Lovell rootstock and `Redhaven' on Halford rootstock) of peach trees were planted in separate orchards in 1987. Nine orchard floor treatments were installed beneath the peach trees in 1995: Festuca arundinacea Schreber (tall fescue); Lolium perenne L., var. Manhattan II (perennial ryegrass); Lolium perenne L., var. Linn; Agrostis gigantea Roth (red top); Dactylis glomerata L. (orchardgrass); Phleum pratense L. (timothy); Bromus carinatus Hook. and Arn. (brome); weedy control; and herbicide weed control (simazine, glyphosate). In general, grasses reduced vegetative growth and yield in both cultivars. Orchardgrass was one of the most competitive species and reduced vertical water sprout length by 15% to 27% and lateral shoot length on fruit-bearing branches by 19% to 30% compared with herbicide treatments. Orchardgrass reduced yield by 37% and 24% in `Loring' and `Redhaven', respectively. All grasses were not equally competitive; `Linn' perennial ryegrass did not significantly reduce growth or yield in `Redhaven'. Control treatments with weeds also did not differ from herbicide treatments in peach tree growth and yield. Grass and weed ground covers consistently reduced peach tree leaf N by at least 10%, compared to herbicide treatment, possibly due to reduced root growth. `Redhaven' root density in the top 10 cm of soil was ≈12 cm·cm-3 in herbicide strips vs. 1 cm·cm-3 in weedy or ground-covered strips. Peach leaf water potential was not affected by grass and weeds. Weed weights were significantly reduced by all grasses compared with weedy control. The results indicate that peach cultivars respond differently to grass competition, but the relative competitiveness of each grass species was similar for both cultivars. Grass competition reduced growth, yield, and pruning weights of mature peach trees, but the reduction in vegetative growth did not significantly reduce pruning time per tree. Grasses that are less inhibitory to peach yield may be useful for weed management in orchards.

Root turnover in pasture species: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff B. Reid ◽  
Jim R. Crush
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Root Turnover ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Long Time ◽  
General Response

Root turnover may have substantial implications for nutrient and carbon cycling and for plant breeding. Turnover was calculated for a previously published dataset for five types of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in the Waikato, New Zealand. Net root populations were measured with mini-rhizotrons at 2-week intervals for 2 years under well-watered conditions. Measurements were also made for 1 year on well-watered plots (W) or plots not watered (NW) during the summer. We expect the measured root counts to relate more closely to root length than to biomass. When ample water was supplied, annual gross root production was ~8 times the average net population, with few differences between the ryegrass types. The general response to withholding water was increased root growth, followed by increased death, and after 3 months there was no substantial net difference between the W and NW treatments. After watering was resumed there was more root growth and death in the NW treatments in the late autumn and winter. The results highlight the importance of making long time-series measurements—differences between watering treatments and depths were sometimes quite different early and late in the experiments. Two ryegrass types had a conspicuous response to water stress, by increasing new root growth at depth, although death rates increased soon after. More research is needed to check for such differences between breeding lines, which might be exploited to improve pasture production in areas prone to drought.

scholarly journals Effect of sward age on nitrate accumulation in ryegrass.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-273
Author(s):  
A. Darwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Nitrate Accumulation ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Permanent Pasture ◽  
Grass Sward

Two indoor trials were done with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to obtain more information about the nitrate-accumulating process of a new-sown grass sward. With an abundant NO3 supply for Italian ryegrass, NO3 accumulation in herbage decreased during 5 successive cuts after sowing, because of increasing NO3 conversion. In the same way the NO3 content in DM in perennial ryegrass was more in the first cut after sowing than in old plants from a pasture 5 years old. After sowing, a considerable part of the assimilate produced was used for stubble and root growth. With older swards these assimilates were increasingly retained in herbage, which is rich in organic N and to a lesser extent in stubble and roots, which are poor in organic N. Because of this, NO3 conversion is restricted in a new-sown grass sward and reaches a maximum in old sward of a permanent pasture, which almost exclusively produces herbage. Consequently nitrate is more apt to accumulate in new-sown grass than in old pasture. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Identification of QTLs for morphological traits influencing waterlogging tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Pearson ◽  
Noel O. I. Cogan ◽  
Rebecca C. Baillie ◽  
Melanie L. Hand ◽  
Champa K. Bandaranayake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

Effect of bacterial fertilizers on the properties of a pseudomyceliar chernozem soil and on the biomass of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Jakab ◽  
János Kátai ◽  
Magdolna Tállai ◽  
Andrea Balláné Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

A tenyészedényes kísérletünket a DE AGTC MÉK Agrokémiai és Talajtani Intézet tenyészházában állítottuk be 2010. május 27-én. A kísérletben Debrecen-Látókép környékéről származó mészlepedékes csernozjom vályogtalajt alkalmaztunk, amely az alábbi jellemzőkkel rendelkezett: KA: 37,5; leiszapolható rész: 51%; pH(KCl): 5,5; pH(H2O): 6,6; Hu%: 2,8; AL-P2O5: 140 mg·kg-1; AL-K2O: 316,3 mg·kg-1. Az adatok alapján a kísérleti talaj gyengén savanyú, vályog kötöttségű, közepes nitrogén- és foszfor-, valamint jó kálium-ellátottsággal rendelkezett. A kísérletben kontroll-, műtrágya-, valamint szalmakezelést alkalmaztunk, melyeket bizonyos kombinációkban három különböző baktériumkészítménnyel (Bactofil A, EM-1, Microbion UNC) egészítettünk ki. A kísérletet három ismétlésben véletlenblokk elrendezésben állítottuk be. A tesztnövény angolperje (Lolium perenneL.) volt. A kísérlet kezdetétől számított 8. héten a talaj-, valamint a növényminták begyűjtésére került sor. Meghatároztuk a növényminták száraztömegét, a növény foszfor- és káliumtartalmát, valamint a talajminták nitrát-, valamint AL-oldható foszfor- és káliumtartalmát. Eredményeink alapján főbb megállapításaink a következők: – Az angolperje száraztömegét a műtrágyakezelés szignifikánsan növelte. A hatás a tápelem-ellátottság javulásával magyarázható. – A növény foszforkoncentrációja a műtrágyázás következtében csökkent, amelyet a hígulási effektussal magyarázhatunk. – A növény káliumkoncentrációját a műtrágya-, valamint a műtrágya+baktériumtrágya kezelések szignifikánsan serkentették. – A talaj nitráttartalma szignifikánsan növekedett a műtrágyakezelés kivételével minden kezelésben. – A talaj AL-P2O5-tartalma az NPK-műtrágyázás és az EM-1 kezelés következtében statisztikailag igazolható mértékben megnövekedett, míg az AL-K2O-tartalom kizárólag a szalmakezelés hatására nőtt. A baktériumkészítmények önmagukban alkalmazva általában nem eredményeztek jelentős változást a vizsgált paraméterekben, azonban a készítmények szerves/ásványi anyagokkal kombinált adagolása esetében különböző mértékben befolyásolták a vizsgált mutatókat.

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