scholarly journals The Online Sale of Antibiotics for Veterinary Use

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan F. Garcia ◽  
M. Jose Diez ◽  
Ana M. Sahagun ◽  
Raquel Diez ◽  
Matilde Sierra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Veterinary Antibiotics ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Simple Search

Antibiotics are essential medicines against infectious diseases in both humans and animals. An inappropriate use of antibiotics can impair animal health and enhance the risk of bacterial resistance, as well as its transfer from animals to humans. The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of purchasing antibiotics for veterinary use on the internet, to evaluate if a prescription is required, and to determine the availability of drugs classified as the highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HP-CIA). The Google and Bing search engines and both simple and complex search strings in Spanish and in English were used. The simple search string was “buy veterinary antibiotics”. Complex searches used wildcards and specific syntax. The searches carried out in Spanish revealed that 50% of websites operated in South America, and 65% of websites did not require a valid prescription. Fluoroquinolones were offered in 84% of these websites (45% without prescription), macrolides were offered in 63% of these websites (43% without prescription), and 3rd– and 4th–generation cephalosporins in 54% of these websites (38% without prescription). For the searches in English, 57% of these websites operated in the United States of America (USA), and 55% of them did not require a prescription. Fluoroquinolones were offered in 79% of these websites (49% without prescription), macrolides were offered in 72% of these websites (45% without prescription), and 3rd– and 4th–generation cephalosporins were offered in 49% of these websites (27% without prescription). Therefore, it is easy to illegally access antibiotics via the internet.

Do We Need an Interdisciplinary Approach to Bring Consumers' Desires to e-Market?

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Patrick Letouze ◽  
David N. Prata
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Text Mining ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Consumer Theory ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research Project

In 2012, the internet advertising revenue in the United States of America reached a total of 36.6 billion dollars, a growth of 15.2% when compared to 2011. The efficiency of a marketing strategy relies in the ability to understand and to direct the consumers' desires. In this work, the authors propose an approach that combines the Internet-Based Information Consumer Theory (IBICT) with semiotics to bring consumers' desires to e-Market. Hence, we present IBICT's framework as a collective network set based on a semiotic human-machine approach. For implementation purposes, we propose a text mining architecture towards IBICT's framework, which leads to an IBICT's architecture, and an Interdisciplinary Research Project Management (IRPM) approach to determine IBICT's dimensions.

Censoring Cyberspace

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-338
Author(s):  
Michael Mehta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Nation State

This paper explores how Canada and the United States of America have attempted to control of the flow of contentious material coming through the Internet. The paper focuses on the issue of controlling obscene material and provides several case-law examples to illustrate how attempts at censorship have evolved over the decades in both countries. It is concluded that censorship is a tool of the nation-state that is unlikely to significantly reduce the amount of contentious material crossing borders.

A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNET GOVERNANCE – RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-204
Author(s):  
MARTA MITROVIĆ ◽  
TATJANA VULIĆ
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Internet Governance ◽  
Popular Belief

The Internet is a space that, contrary to its primary efforts, has not managed to escape regulation. Also, the question Can the Internet be controlled? has been replaced by the question In what way is the Internet governed?, because the possibility of control has already been confirmed. Contrary to popular belief that only authoritarian regimes use control mechanisms, even the restrictive ones, liberal countries also have the same possibilities of control and often apply them, although in a more sophisticated way. The aim of this paper is to compare internet governance in Russia, as the representative of the authoritarian regime, to the United States of America, as the representative of the liberal system, and answer the question: What are the differences in internet governance between authoritarian and liberal regimes?

“Can I Get in on the Joke, Too?”

2016 ◽  
pp. 164-176
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Gooding Jr.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal System ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Bodily Harm

This chapter explores the ramifications of having race-based “dirty laundry” aired through humor, without necessarily being dirty jokes. Not only is the United States of America reputed to be a “free country,” but also there are few restrictions on Internet participation outside of obvious legal infractions. Thus, while repulsive in their worst form or in poor taste in their naive form, racist jokes are not regulated on the Internet. Nor is expressing or espousing racism online in and of itself illegal. Currently our legal system is designed to respond or react to manifestations of racist thought when acted out against another in the physical realm (e.g., denying another a job based upon their race or inflicting bodily harm when motivated by racial animus). While we presume that most would not want to entertain destructive thoughts, people are free to hold, share and emote racist ideas in cyberspace. Thus, with the ever-expanding role of the Internet in many of our lives, it is important to interrogate whether such publicly broadcast in-group humor will desensitize other members of other races outside of the joke. This chapter will tease out the implications of the continued sharing online of racial humor, with those both in and outside of the original joke.

scholarly journals Environmental Constitutionalism in the United States and Nigeria: Recognizing Environmental Rights

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Environmental Rights ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
International Environment

Environmental constitutionalism is a scheme that protects the national and international environment by applying national and global constitutional law. By this, constitution-makers agree to include in their constitutions provisions aimed at environmental protection and sustainability, whereby procedural and substantive rights are written in the constitutions. The courts are in such jurisdictions called upon to enforce and protect such rights. This article addresses constitutionally embedded rights in the national constitutions of the United States of America and Nigeria. It analyzes constitutional environmental provisions in both how their judiciaries respond to such issues. This article looked at the problems associated with environmental constitutionalism in the United States and Nigeria and their connection with environmental rights. The aim is to take a holistic examination of the topic. The methodology adopted for the research is empirical. The primary and secondary sources of material selection were adopted through the use of the law libraries and the internet, books, journals and periodicals to gather information for this article. In conclusion, it was observed and recommended that no matter the similarities shared by the Untied States and Nigeria, the former has a more developed environmental jurisprudence on environmental protection by the courts. This is a truism, notwithstanding the fact that Nigeria’s constitution contains “state environmental duties”. The value of the research is that Nigeria should identify areas to be improved upon in its law and practice of environmental constitutionalism.

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