scholarly journals Feather Corticosterone Measurements of Greater Flamingos Living under Different Forms of Flight Restraint

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Reese ◽  
Katrin Baumgartner ◽  
Lorenzo von Fersen ◽  
Roswitha Merle ◽  
Mechthild Ladwig-Wiegard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Greater Flamingos ◽  
Feather Corticosterone

Deflighting zoo birds is a practice that receives increasing criticism due to its presumed incompatibility with animal welfare. To our knowledge, this is the first approach to address this problem in a scientific way. To do this, we compared feather corticosterone (CORTf) from Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus, n = 151) of different flight status (i.e., pinioned, feather clipped, airworthy) from twelve different zoological institutions. To complement the hormone measurements, behavioral observations (scan samplings) were conducted prior to feather sampling within the presumed time frame of feather growth. We hypothesized that CORTf of the deflighted flamingos would differ from CORTf of their airworthy conspecifics. No significant difference in CORTf was found between the three groups, and our hypothesis was rejected. However, the impact of the institution itself (i.e., the housing conditions) proved to be the most dominant variable (variance between the institutions = 53.82%). Due to high variability, the behavioral observations were evaluated descriptively but did not give rise to doubt the findings in CORTf. Therefore, we assume that the method of flight restraint of Greater Flamingos does not have a measurable effect on CORTf. We consider this model for evaluating animal welfare of zoo birds a useful tool and provide ideas for further adjustments for consecutive studies.

scholarly journals Comparing welfare indicators in dairy cattle under different loose housing systems (deep litter vs cubicle barns) using recycled manure solids for bedding

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e0501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Molina ◽  
Estrella I. Agüera ◽  
Carlos C. Pérez-Marín ◽  
Francisco Maroto-Molina
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Welfare Quality ◽  
The Impact

Aim of study: Dairy farmers in Southern Spain are continuously investing in the modernization of their facilities and frequently ask technicians about the type of housing they should choose for their farms. Although some studies have analysed the economic impact of different housing systems, there are no reports evaluating the impact of these systems on animal wellbeing. To remedy this deficit, a study was carried out to analyse animal welfare status in two types of loose housing conditions: deep litter (DL) and cubicle (CU) barns.Area of study: This study was conducted in Cordoba (Spain).Material and methods: A total of 1,597 cows from nineteen commercial dairy farms were involved in this study, of which twelve had CU barns and seven had DL barns. Welfare Quality assessment was used to evaluate animal wellbeing, inn order to compare both housing systems.Main results: The study found some weaknesses for feeding and health indicators of animal welfare in both types of housing systems. The overall welfare assessment based on feeding, housing and health indicators showed no differences between farms with DL or CU barns.Research highlights: A good welfare status could be reached under any type of housing system.

Prevalence and severity of tail lesions as a possible welfare indicator for rabbit does

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-518
Author(s):  
J Bill ◽  
SL Rauterberg ◽  
J Stracke ◽  
N Kemper ◽  
M Fels
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Behavioural Disorders ◽  
Observer Reliability ◽  
Tail Biting ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The impact of behavioural disorders on animal welfare in modern animal husbandry has been much debated. While other abnormal behaviours have been explored at length, there are a paucity of studies on tail-biting in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In the present study, severe tail lesions were observed in group-reared rabbit does on a commercial rabbit farm. In the subsequent investigations, the occurrence of tail lesions in 219 rabbit does from nine batches was compared between group- or single-housing and a scoring system recording the severity of tail lesions was developed and verified. This five-grade scoring system was applied to evaluate the progression of prevalence and severity of tail lesions in 21 groups during rearing in two batches. The results revealed a significant difference in the score level between housing types with a higher prevalence of injured tails in group- (60.4%) compared to single-reared (4.0%) does. An increase in severity and frequency of tail lesions was observed in groups during the course of a rearing period. Furthermore, the established scoring system was characterised by adequate observer reliability. Overall, tail injuries occurred on a regular basis in the investigated rearing groups, indicating tail-biting to be a prevalent problem. This could be considered relevant in terms of animal welfare, both for the animal doing the biting and the individual being bitten. The findings draw attention to an inadequately described problem in rabbit husbandry. However, the search for preventive measures needs to scrutinise the role of single-housing, without failing to consider the gregarious nature of rabbits.

scholarly journals Feather Corticosterone Measurements and Behavioral Observations in the Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) Living under Different Flight Restraint Conditions in German Zoos

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2522
Author(s):  
Gudrun Haase ◽  
Katrin Baumgartner ◽  
Lorenzo von Fersen ◽  
Roswitha Merle ◽  
Mechthild Wiegard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Stress Levels ◽  
Feather Clipping ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Feather Corticosterone ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The pinioning of birds was previously one of the most-accepted forms of mutilation in zoos. Despite a lack of knowledge on the effects of deflighting procedures with regard to the well-being of deflighted birds, pelicans are often reversibly deflighted by feather-clipping to keep them in open enclosures, including those with ponds without netting. In the present study, we focused on the welfare implications of flight restraint on one of the most commonly kept types of birds in German zoos, the great white pelican. A combination of behavioral observations and feather corticosterone concentrations (CORTf) of pelicans with different deflighting statuses (i.e., irreversibly deflighted, reversibly deflighted, and airworthy) was used to evaluate the effects of deflighting status on pelican welfare. We observed 215 individuals in 21 different German zoos. The pelicans lived in differently designed exhibits. An ethogram for these species was developed and their behavior was evaluated by scan sampling. Feather samples from 182 individuals were collected to determine if different deflighting conditions influenced the CORTf and therefore stress levels. The hypothesis was that the CORTf values of airworthy pelicans differ from those of deflighted pelicans. Tendencies with regard to the flight status groups were found. Conversely, reversibly deflighted pelicans had higher CORTf levels than irreversible deflighted and airworthy pelicans. Tendencies with regard to CORTf values and the group size of the kept pelicans were observed. The CORTf values were lower in groups consisting of more than 10 animals. In addition, the frequency of fluttering behavior was positively associated with CORTf values. Pelicans that frequently showed fluttering had higher CORTf values. Therefore, fluttering behavior might be considered a sign of stress levels in pelicans. This study is one of the first important steps in assessing the impact of deflighting procedures on the welfare of great white pelicans kept in zoos.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Different Feather Sampling Methods to Measure Corticosterone in Wild Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and Wild Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2796
Author(s):  
Marielu Voit ◽  
Katrin Baumgartner ◽  
Lorenzo von Fersen ◽  
Roswitha Merle ◽  
Lukas Reese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Concordance Correlation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Greater Flamingos

This research project had the aim to validate the possible alternative and less-painful sampling method of cutting feathers close to the skin instead of plucking them for subsequent feather corticosterone analysis, confirming recently-published results for other species in captivity. Analyzing CORTf is often used in animal welfare studies in combination with behavioral monitoring. The background of this idea was to act in the sense of animal welfare and reduce the burden of animal studies according to the 3-R-Principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) by refining procedures. To confirm the hypothesis that the sampling method itself has no influence on CORTf levels measured, plucked and cut samples of the respective bird were collected. Birds of two wild species were used: the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus). The CORTf was measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The determined values were inspected for their mean values, standard deviation (SD), and average differences. Afterwards, the CORTf levels of both species were compared, according to the sampling method, with the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). In the Bland-Altman (BA) plot the differences of the methods were displayed against the mean values. Additionally, sex, as a possible factor influencing CORTf, was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The values of CCC showed poor agreement in the comparability of the two methods, whereas the concordance of the BA plot was decent. The average differences between the methods were marginal for both species (Mallards: −0.16 pg/mm, Flamingos −0.13 pg/mm). In summary, all anomalies or differences between the methods were negligible. Therefore, the alternative sampling method seems to be as suitable as the common standard method. No significant difference was found between females and males. Nevertheless, our results suggest that CORTf should not be interpreted in just considering the values themselves, but the results they should be analyzed in the context of a wider set of parameters. Hence, further studies are encouraged to create a larger data pool.

Prior authorization delays biologic initiation and is associated with a risk of asthma exacerbations

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor J. Dudiak ◽  
Jessica Popyack ◽  
Christy Grimm ◽  
Sara Tyson ◽  
John Solic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Prior Authorization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Specialty Pharmacy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insurance Approval

Background: Biologics are effective treatments for patients with severe allergic disease. Impacts of delays in the prior authorization process on clinical outcomes has not been studied. Objective: The objective was to quantify the times for approval and filling of biologics, and whether patients were at risk of exacerbations during this time frame. Methods: The times for insurance approval and pharmacy filling of biologics (omalizumab, benralizumab, mepolizumab, dupilumab) in 80 subjects with severe asthma (n = 60) or urticaria (n = 20) from our clinic were reviewed. We compared the impact of clinical features, insurance, specialty pharmacy on fill times, and quantified exacerbations and prednisone use while awaiting biologic initiation. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) time (days) from submission of a prescription to the first dose available for injection was 44.0 ± 23.2 days. This was composed of the mean ± SD time for insurance approval (21.5 ± 19.6 days) and the mean ± SD time for a specialty pharmacy to fill the medication (22.8 ± 14.1 days). There was no significant difference between the times for diagnosis (asthma versus urticaria), specific biologic, or insurance. The “buy and bill” system was faster than filling via a specialty pharmacy (mean ± SD, 7.3 ± 8.5 days versus 23.3 ± 21.3 days, respectively, p < 0.001). Clinical features of patients with fast versus slow approval times was not significantly different. The subjects with asthma were at high risk of exacerbations and need for prednisone while awaiting initiation of the biologics; 28 of 59 patients (47%) required prednisone, with an mean cumulative dose of 483.2 ± 273.7 mg per person. Conclusion: The prior authorization process for biologics was slow, and the subjects were at high risk of exacerbations during this time. The system needs to be improved to expedite approval and initiation of these medications.

scholarly journals Influence of environmental enrichment on the rehabilitation of white-eyed parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. e74101724284
Author(s):  
Gabriela Cortellini Ferreira Ramos ◽  
Sérgio Diniz Garcia ◽  
Matheus Janeck Araújo ◽  
Márcia Marinho
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Wild Animal ◽  
State University ◽  
Friedman Test ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Test For Normality

The use of sensory, physical, cognitive, and alimentary stimuli are varieties of environmental enrichment used to minimize stress caused by the monotonous captive environment. The objective of this study was to verify the impact of environmental enrichment in escape-related behavioral stereotypies. Thirty birds of the species Psittacara leucophthalmus were observed from March to September 2016, received at the Wild Animal Recovery and Screening Center of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of the Veterinary Medicine campus Araçatuba. The methodology used for the behavioral observations was the focal animal with observation through filming were made by 18 hours per bird for three consecutive days, while physical, cognitive, food, and sensory enrichment methods were applied, and the assessment was carried out before, during, and after the application of environmental enrichment. The data were analyzed by the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and by the Friedman test, which showed no significant difference (p >0.05) before, during, and after environmental enrichment. Despite the statistical analyses, the perception of the bird’s welfare improving was visually clear.

Cancer Rates After Year 2000 Significantly Decrease in Children With Perinatal HIV Infection: A Study by the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Chiappini ◽  
Luisa Galli ◽  
Pier-Angelo Tovo ◽  
Clara Gabiano ◽  
Catiuscia Lisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cancer Rates ◽  
Total Observation ◽  
The Impact

Purpose To evaluate the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on cancer incidence in HIV-infected children throughout a 20-year period. Patients and Methods An observational population study was conducted on 1,190 perinatally HIV-infected children enrolled onto the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children from 1985 to 2004 and never lost to follow-up (total observation time, 10,037.66 years). Cancer rates were calculated in the pre-HAART (1985 to 1995), early HAART (1996 to 1999), and late HAART (2000 to 2004) periods and compared using Poisson regression adjusted for age. The proportion of HAART-treated children increased from 4.1% in 1996 to 60.4% in 1999 and to 81.5% in 2004. In the same time frame, the proportion of children receiving HAART for at least 2 years increased from 3.1% to 77.0%. Results Overall, 35 cancers occurred. Cancer rates were 4.49 (95% CI, 2.37 to 6.64), 4.09 (95% CI, 1.68 to 6.50), and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.00 to 1.80) per 1,000 children per year in 1985 to 1995, 1996 to 1999, and 2000 to 2004, respectively. Notably, there was no significant difference comparing the periods from 1985 to 1995 and 1996 to 1999 (P = .081). By contrast, cancer rates were significantly lower in the period from 2000 to 2004 than in 1996 to 1999 (P < .0001). Results were confirmed by separately analyzing data from children observed from birth (P = .418 for 1985 to 1995 v 1996 to 1999; P = .001 for 1996 to 1999 v 2000 to 2004). Conclusion Dramatically reduced cancer rates were observed only in the late HAART period in parallel to the increasing proportion of children receiving HAART therapy.

scholarly journals EP.TU.356Can day case elective operating lists provide efficient training opportunities for general surgical trainees?

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Coulson ◽  
Catherine Gilmore ◽  
Catherine Sheridan ◽  
Anna Murray ◽  
Scott McCain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Day Surgery ◽  
Day Case ◽  
Surgical Trainees ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Centre Of Excellence ◽  
Hands On Learning ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Training Opportunities

Abstract Introduction During the COVID-19 pandemic there has been a reduction in trainee hands-on learning opportunities due to curtailment of elective workload. Our study aims to assess the impact of non-consultant led operating on theatre list efficiency. Methods Prospective data collection over an eight week period of consecutive elective day case hernia lists at a newly established regional centre of excellence for day surgery. Specifically recording of key time points in surgical cases including time ready, knife to skin, last suture and exit theatre. This was achieved using the Theatre Management System (TMS). Results 46 patients underwent open unilateral elective inguinal hernia repair. 54% (N = 25) of cases were trainee led. Median trainee time was 53 minutes, vs 51 minutes for consultant led procedures; no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion Day case elective hernia lists can be efficient training opportunities for general surgical trainees. Our results demonstrate that trainee-led operating in this setting have not resulted in significantly increased surgical time or operative theatre inefficiency. It is widely acknowledged there is benefit to training in performing the same technical skill within a short time frame.

The impact of socioeconomic factors and survivorship on radiation induced hypothyroidism in a single institution cohort study.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e24065-e24065
Author(s):  
Zvonimir Milas ◽  
Daniel R. Carrizosa ◽  
Daniel Brickman ◽  
Catherine Frenkel ◽  
Ashley Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Primary Care Physicians ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

e24065 Background: To determine factors associated with the development of post-treatment hypothyroidism (HY) in the head and neck (HN) population as well as evaluate the impact of socio-economic factors and survivorship program. Methods: We collected demographics, insurance coverage, disease staging, treatment characteristics, and details of thyroid function measurement as well as supplementation for all HN oncology patients (n = 608) who presented between January 2011 and January 2019 at Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina. Insurance was categorized as Government (Medicaid or Medicare), Private, or Uninsured. Patient malignancies were grouped as oropharynx, oral cavity, larynx/hypopharynx, nasopharynx, nasal cavity/sinus, or primary salivary gland. Thyroid function was evaluated by use of laboratory thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) values. Timing of thyroid supplementation was standardized to start of treatment. Details of thyroid hormone supplementation was collected. Data was analyzed with Chi-square and ANOVA methods, using SAS 9.4 (Cary, NC). Results: 483 patients (79%) had post treatment surveillance with TSH. The patients (n = 125, 21%) with no identifiable thyroid surveillance did not have any racial or socioeconomic disparities identified. Caucasian and African American thyroid surveillance rates were similar at 79% and 81%, respectively. There was no difference based on insurance: Government 81%, Uninsured 81%, and Private 76%. Of patients with thyroid surveillance, 203 (42%) developed post-treatment HY. The mean and median time frame until HY identification was 544 days and 450 days, respectively. A mean and median dose of thyroid hormone supplementation of 75 mcg of levothyroxine. Most patients had lower rates of thyroid dysfunction with TSH levels between 5-10. Fewer African Americans (24%) developed HY than Caucasians (47%). Patients with laryngeal cancer were at greatest risk to develop HY (57%), followed by oropharynx (40%) and oral cavity (40%). Staging did not demonstrate a significant difference between development of HY. Conclusions: This study is the largest cohort of HN patients to be evaluated for post HN treatment induced HY. Oncology team providers and primary care physicians should be aware of the significant rates of HY. In our institution we identified a consistency of care provided regardless of socioeconomic and racial factors.

scholarly journals Stereotypic Behavior in Fattening Bulls

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Schneider ◽  
Nicole Kemper ◽  
Birgit Spindler
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Stereotypic Behavior ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Fattening Period

The occurrence of stereotypies in captive animals may indicate restrictions in animal welfare. In cattle, common stereotypies are tongue playing, manipulation of objects, or conspecifics. However, to our knowledge, the occurrence of stereotypies in fattening cattle was only analyzed in studies several decades old. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the prevalence of stereotypies in fattening bulls housed in different systems. On three German fattening farms, a total of 243 fattening bulls housed in groups of 14, 16, 22, and 33 animals in straw-bedded pens were observed. Behavioral observations were performed via video recordings during three observation periods distributed over the whole fattening period, using a scan sampling technique. In 234 of 243 bulls, stereotypies were observed at least once. During 15.9 ± 2.4% of the scan intervals, stereotypies were observed in at least one animal per pen. Average numbers of stereotypies per animal and hour ranged from 0.2 to 0.9. The most common stereotypy was manipulating objects, followed by tongue playing and manipulating conspecifics. These results indicate that stereotypies are highly prevalent in fattening bulls under current housing conditions. They underline the need for further studies to analyze the causation of stereotypies in order to reduce their frequency.

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