scholarly journals Estimation of between-Cow Variability in Nutrient Digestion of Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Corn-Based Diets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himali Tharangani ◽  
Changwen Lu ◽  
Liansheng Zhao ◽  
Lu Ma ◽  
Xusheng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Randomized Block Design

The objective of this study was to estimate cow variability that can be used to determine the optimal sample size for digestibility trials using lactating dairy cows. Experimental design was randomized complete block design having three blocks and three dietary treatments. Three similarly managed nearby intensive farms were considered as blocks, and three diets were formulated to have 0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 neutral detergent fiber (NDF): starch ratio. In each farm, 18 cows were assigned for each dietary treatment and five sample sizes per each treatment group were simulated by simple random sampling of data from 18, 15, 12, 9 and 6 cows respectively. Intake was not affected by diet or sample size (p > 0.05). Estimated cow variability (as standard deviation) for digestibility of dry matter, NDF and starch were 3.8 g/kg, 5.1 g/kg and 3.3 g/kg, respectively. A major implication of this study is that cow variability is greatest for NDF digestibility and the use of a minimum of 12 cows per dietary treatment is adequate to reliably detect treatment effects on the digestibility of NDF, starch and dry matter using cows fed in groups with randomized block design under these experimental conditions.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Suplementasi Minyak Ikan Lemuru Terproteksi dan L-Carnitin Dalam Ransum Terhadap Kecernaan Bahan Kering dan Bahan Organik Pada Pakan Sapi Perah Laktasi

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Sudibya Sudibya ◽  
Kharunia Rezki Akbar ◽  
Wara Pratitis Sabar ◽  
Joko Riyanto
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Materials Used

<em>This study aimed to determine the effect of supplementation lemuru fish oil protected and L-carnitine on digestibility value of lactating dairy cows. The materials used were 12 lactating dairy cows with average body weight 400 ± 5 kg. The study design was a randomized block design with 4 treatments and each treatment consisting of 3 blocks, each block contains one period of lactation dairy cows. Treatments were P0 = 45% rice straw + 55% concentrate; P1 = 15% rice straw + 30% fermented rice straw + 55% concentrate; P2 = 15% rice straw + 30% fermented rice straw + 55% concentrate + 1000 ppm L-carnitine; and P3 = 15% rice straw + 30% rice straw fermented rice straw + 55% concentrate + 1000 ppm L-carnitine + 4% protected lemuru fish oil. . The results of variance analysis showed that supplementation protected lemuru fish oil and L-carnitine in the diet rice straw fermentation was high significantly increased (P &lt;0.01) on dry matter intake, consumption as well as dry matter digestibility and digestibility of organic matter in lactating dairy cows. It could be concluded that supplementation protected lemuru fish oil and L-carnitine in the diet of rice straw fermented able to reduce the consumption of dry matter and organic matter and increase the value of dry matter and organic matter digestibility.</em>

scholarly journals Effect of zinc sources and experimental conditions on zinc balance in growing wethers

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Lee ◽  
J E Copelin ◽  
M T Socha
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Zinc Balance

Abstract Three experiments were conducted with growing wethers to evaluate apparent excretion and retention of Zn from various sources. In Exp. 1 and 2, Zn-ethylene diamine (ZE), Zn hydroxychloride (ZHYD), Zn-lysine/glutamate (ZAA), and Zn-glycinate (ZG) were used and ZnSO4 (ZS), Zn hydroxychloride (ZHYD), Zn-lysine/glutamate (ZAA), and Zn-glycinate (ZG) were used in Exp. 3. In Exp. 1, 8 wethers were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design. In Exp. 2 and 3, 40 wethers were used in a randomized block design. In Exp. 1, each period (total 4 periods) consisted of 14-day diet adaptation and 4 days of total collection of feces and urine. In Exp. 2 and 3, wethers received a basal diet for 14 days and received experimental diets for 9 days (diet adaptation), followed by 4 days of total collection of feces and urine. Total collection was conducted in wooden metabolic cages. All data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS as a Latin square design for Exp. 1 and a completed randomized block design for Exp. 2 and 3. In all experiments, dry matter intake did not differ among treatments except that it tended to be different in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, no difference in Zn excretion (88%) and retention (11%) as proportion of Zn intake was observed among Zn sources. In Exp. 2, total tract digestibility of crude protein was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for ZAA than ZE and ZG (82.0 vs. 79.1 and 77.8%, respectively) and greater (P &lt; 0.01) for ZHYD than ZG (80.2 vs. 77.8%). However, total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber was low (on average 16%) for all treatments with no difference among treatments in Exp. 2. Apparent excretion and retention of Zn as proportion of Zn intake did not differ among treatments, and Zn retention (~1.4% of Zn intake) was very low for all treatments. In Exp. 3, ZHYD and ZAA had greater retention of Zn (17.8 vs. 1.5%; P = 0.01) than ZG. Fecal Zn excretion was greater (97.3 vs. 81.2%; P = 0.01) for ZG vs. ZHYD and ZAA, and Zn retention for ZG was only 1.5% of Zn intake. In conclusion, potential increases in Zn absorption and retention were observed for ZHYD and ZAA compared with ZS and ZG in Exp. 3 and these differences were not found in Exp. 1 and 2. Experiment 1 used a Latin square design and Exp. 2 used a diet containing largely undigestible fiber. These experimental conditions may have affected Zn metabolism in wethers. Inconsistent results on Zn balance for ZG among the experiments warrant further studies regarding its bioavailability.

scholarly journals The Residue of Seed Harvest From Tropical Grasses as a Roughage Source in the Feedlot Lambs Diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo ◽  
Luis Carlos Vinhas Ítavo ◽  
Cacilda Borges do Valle ◽  
Alexandre Menezes Dias ◽  
Gelson Do Santos Difante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Seed Harvest ◽  
Feedlot Lambs

Our hypothesis was whether the residue of seed harvest from tropical grasses (Brachiaria sp. and Panicum sp.) as roughage source might result in the similar performance of lambs confined to obtain sustainability in agricultural and food systems by use of this by-product. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of the residue of seed harvest (straw-hay) from tropical grasses as a roughage source in the feedlot lamb diet on intake, digestibility, performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. The randomized block design used 36 lambs (six animals per treatment) distributed in six treatments arranged in individual cages on performance assay. The offered straw-hay did not influence nutrient intake and digestibility. Chewing was influenced by straw-hays. In addition, an effect was not observed on the length of the carcass, length of the leg, width and perimeter of the croup, depth of the chest or weight of the left half of the carcass. The averages of gammon, palette and neck yields were considered satisfactory, which may have been caused by the high content of neutral detergent fiber that was offered (511.4 g/Kg for Tupi and 617.6 g/Kg for Basilisk), and the weight of the palette and gammon can result in high commercial value. The meat characteristic was affected by a straw-hay. Diets containing residue of seed harvest from tropical grasses (Brachiaria sp. and Panicum sp.) as a roughage source did not have any effect on the dry matter and crude protein consumption and on the growth performance. So, we recommend the residue of seed harvest from tropical grasses as a fiber source to feedlot lamb diet.

scholarly journals Dry matter productivity and bromatological quality of ryegrass genotypes cultivated in southern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-255
Author(s):  
A.R. Ramos ◽  
A. Zampar ◽  
A.W.L. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Feeding Systems

ABSTRACT The goal of this work was to assess the biomass production and bromatological quality of ryegrass genotypes in ten municipalities of the Western and North Plateau regions of the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The cultivars La Estanzuela 284 (diploid), Bar HQ, Barjumbo, INIA Escorpio, Potro, and Winter Star (tetraploids) were compared, distributed in a randomized block design, in which the municipalities constituted the blocks, with three replications. The cuts were performed when the plants reached 30cm, leaving a residue of 10cm. In three cuts, the cultivars Barjumbo and Bar HQ were the most productive, exceeding 4.6 t ha-1 of dry matter. In the places in which five cuts were performed, the production of these cultivars exceeded 7.3 t ha-1, placing them again ahead of the others. The average crude protein content in three cuts was greater than 25% in all cultivars. There was no difference between the genotypes in the content of neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients. There was a significant correlation between quantitative and qualitative productive variables. The assessed cultivars represented good options for composing short-term or long-term winter-feeding systems, adjusted to the integration with annual crops or warm-season pastures.

scholarly journals Hay Tifton 85 grass under nitrogen doses in different days of regrowth

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 37692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weudes Rodrigues Andrade ◽  
Eleuza Clarete Junqueira de Sales ◽  
Flávio Pinto Monção ◽  
Virgílio Mesquita Gomes ◽  
Leidy Darmony de Almeida Rufino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Matter Production

The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield, nutritional value and potential ruminal degradation of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) harvested at four regrowth ages (28, 35, 42 and 49 days) and fertilized with two nitrogen doses (N; 100 and 300 kg N ha-1). The experimental design was a randomized block design, arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with six replications each. Nitrogen fertilization increased (p < 0.05) dry matter yield and digestible dry matter production of hay and also lignin and crude protein contents. Nitrogen fertilization increased (p < 0.01) the dry matter yield and the digestible dry matter production of hay, as well as lignin (p = 0.01) and crude protein (p = 0.01). The neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (p = 0.01), acid detergent fiber (p = 0.01) and cellulose (p = 0.02) adjusted to the quadratic function regression model of the regrowth ages. For potential rumen degradability hay, it was observed quadratic effect (p = 0.01) with maximum value of 73.1% at 37 days of regrowth. Tifton 85 hay fertilized with 300 kg ha -1 of N and harvested up to 37 days of regrowth results in higher hay dry matter yield, higher crude protein content, and better dry matter rumen degradability. 

scholarly journals Identification of sorghum hybrids for silage production in the semiarid (BSh) region of northeastern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 2803-2814
Author(s):  
Romilda Rodrigues do Nascimento ◽  
◽  
Ricardo Loiola Edvan ◽  
José Morais Pereira Filho ◽  
José Avelino Santos Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Production Characteristics

The objective of this study was to identify the hybrids of sorghum most suitable for the production of silage in the semiarid regions of northeastern Brazil. Twenty-three hybrids were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replicates. The dry mass yield; dry mass of leaf, stem, panicle, grains, and senescent matter; and chemical composition of the plant were evaluated. The pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), and chemical composition of the silage were also assessed. The hybrids 947252, FEPAGRO 18, 12F042226, and SF 11 performed best in terms of morphological characteristics, with the highest mass of leaves and grains. The hybrid FEPAGRO 19 had the highest dry matter value (443.3 ± 17.0 g kg-1), whereas the hybrid 12F042496 had the lowest value (271.3 ± 17.0 g kg-1). The dry matter (DM) content of the other hybrids was within the recommended values for silage production (280 to 400 g kg-1). High levels of crude protein were observed in the grouped hybrids 12F042496, 947254, and 12F042422. The hybrid 12F042496 had the highest neutral detergent fiber content. The hybrids 9929036, 9929030, 9929012, 947254, 947072, PROG 134 IPA, 12F042226, 12F042422, and BRS 506 had pH values ranging between 3.8 and 4.2, indicating good quality silage. Overall, the sorghum hybrids 9929030, 12F042224, 12F042150, FEPAGRO19, and FEPAGRO11 had the best growth and production characteristics, and plant and silage chemical composition, and are thus recommended for the production of silage in the semiarid of northeastern Brazil.

scholarly journals Optimization tifton-85 grass cutting for productivity and nutrient value

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. e37009
Author(s):  
Daniel Ottoni ◽  
Alex de Matos Teixeira ◽  
Lúcio Carlos Gonçalves ◽  
Naiara Taís Alves Da Silva ◽  
Diego Soares Gonçalves Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Random Block ◽  
Random Block Design ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this work was to determine the impact of cutting Tifton-85 grass at 14, 28, 42, 46, 70, and 80 days of regrowth on its production and nutritional characteristics during the rainy season. The study area of 238 m2 was divided into four sub-area, with 6 plots of 2 × 2 m spaced 1 m between plots and 2 m between sub-area. Random block design was used. The statistical analyses were performed following a randomized block design. Results were obtained as means from evaluations conducted in two consecutive years. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) increased as the cutting age increased. However, crude protein, NDF nitrogen, ADF nitrogen and leaves/stem relationship decreased as the cutting age increased. The production of digestible dry matter increased linearly as the cutting age increased. Similarly, grass height, green matter and dry matter production (DMP) increased as the cutting age increased. The different cutting age did not influence the nitrogen A, B1 + B2, and B3 fractions of the grass. However, the C fraction increased as the cutting age increased. Longer intervals between cuts increased the grass productivity per cut, but compromised its nutritional composition and leaves/stem relationship. For Tifton -85, the regrowth age of 28 days allows greater production of dry matter and greater accumulated production of crude protein and digestive dry matter in the rainy season or over time.

scholarly journals Use of indigestible markers to estimate the apparent dry matter digestibility of diets containing a cocoa by-product

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 2771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mércia Regina Pereira de Figueiredo ◽  
Eloisa de Oliveira Simões Saliba ◽  
Geraldo Sérgio Senra Carneiro Barbosa ◽  
Filipe Aguiar e Silva ◽  
Andressa Nathalie Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Bermuda Grass ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Internal Markers

Fecal production and apparent dry matter digestibility (ADMD) were evaluated using external markers (chromium oxide; titanium dioxide; isolated, purified, and enriched lignin (LIPE®); and isolated, purified, and enriched lignin nanoparticles (NANOLIPE®) and internal markers (indigestible DM (IDM), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (INDF), and indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF) in diets based on Tifton 85 bermuda grass (Cynodon sp.) hay containing different concentrations of a cocoa by-product. Sixteen crossbred (Holstein × Zebu) dairy heifers with a mean live weight of 363.00 ± 27.70 kg were evaluated and distributed in a completely randomized block design with a split-plot arrangement. The plots corresponded to the diets, which differed in the substitution of bermuda grass hay with different concentrations (0, 8, 16, and 24% of DM) of the cocoa by-product, whereas the splitplots represented the indigestible markers. Chromic oxide, LIPE®, NANOLIPE®, and INDF accurately estimated ADMD and fecal production whereas titanium dioxide, IDM, and IADF did not accurately estimate these parameters.

Feeding amount affects the sorting behavior of lactating dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
E K Miller-Cushon ◽  
T J DeVries
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

The objective of this study was to determine whether feed sorting behavior in dairy cattle is influenced by the amount of feed provided. Six lactating Holstein cows, individually fed a total mixed ration once daily, were exposed to two treatments in a crossover design with 7-d periods. The treatments were: (1) lower feed amount (LFA; target 10% orts), and (2) higher feed amount (HFA; target 20% orts). Dry matter intake (DMI) was monitored daily for each animal. On the final 4 d of each treatment period, fresh feed and orts were sampled for particle size analysis. The particle size separator had three screens (19, 8, 1.18 mm) and a bottom pan, resulting in four fractions (long, medium, short, fine). Sorting was calculated as the actual intake of each particle size fraction expressed as a percentage of the predicted intake of that fraction. Actual orts percentage averaged 11.5% for the LFA and 18.0% for the HFA treatments. When on the HFA cows sorted for the medium particles to a greater extent than on the LFA (103.0 vs. 101.1%). Further, when on the HFA treatment cows sorted against short particles to a greater extent than on the LFA (95.2 vs. 98.6%). Despite greater sorting on the HFA treatment, the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (NDF; 29.6%) and starch (27.1%) in the feed consumed were similar between treatments. Given this, and that DMI was greater on the HFA treatment compared with the LFA treatment (29.7 vs. 26.5 kg d-1), greater intakes of NDF (8.7 vs. 7.8 kg d-1) and starch (8.0 vs. 7.2 kg d-1) were also observed on the HFA treatment. The results suggest that, despite causing greater feed sorting, increasing the feeding amount for lactating dairy cows promoted higher DMI and did not prevent the consumption of a ration balanced to meet their nutritional requirements.Key words: Feeding amount, sorting behavior, dairy cow

scholarly journals Botanical Composition and In Situ Dry Matter Degradability of Legume- Grass Mixture Pasture Fertilized with Different Amounts of Nitrogen

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Numan Kılıçalp ◽  
Mustafa Avcı ◽  
Hatice Hızlı ◽  
Rüştü Hatipoğlu ◽  
Tugay Ayaşan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Randomized Block Design

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels on botanical composition, dry matter (DM) yield, chemical composition, in situ ruminal DM and NDF degradability and net energy lactation (NEL) of a native legume-grass mixture pasture. Field and degradability trials were arranged in a Complete Randomized Block Design with three replicates. Pasture was fertilized at six levels of N fertilizer (ammonium nitrate, N0, N50, N100, N150, N200 and N250 kg/ha). Three rumen cannulated Holstein Friesian heifers (3-4 year old) were used. Feed samples were incubated for 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. Application of nitrogen fertilizer results indicated that nitrogen fertilizer decreased the legumes ratio (LR) of pasture, approximately 22.4%, Although N fertilizer increased the grass ratio (GR) of pasture approximately 55.8%. Dry matter (DM), Net energy lactation (NEL, Mcal/kg) and ash contents of pasture were increased by increasing N fertilizer level. However, when N fertilizer level increased acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentration of pasture decreased. Application of the different rate of nitrogen fertilizer had no effect on in situ rumen degradability of DM and NDF of pasture. It was also found that there was the significant positive relationship between effective NDF degradability at 48 h. rumen incubation period and different level of N fertilizer. In addition, it was determined that there was a linear and quadratic positive relationship between DM yield and different nitrogen doses. In conclusion, different rates of nitrogen application changed botanical composition, decreased ADF content and increased NEL and effective rumen degradability of neutral detergent fiber (EDNDF 48 h.) of pasture.

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