scholarly journals Posterior Mandibular Displacement. A Systematic Review Based on Animal Studies

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 823
Author(s):  
Ioannis Lyros ◽  
Miltiadis A. Makrygiannakis ◽  
Theodoros Lykogeorgos ◽  
Efstratios Ferdianakis ◽  
Apostolos I. Tsolakis
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Mandibular Growth ◽  
Condylar Process ◽  
Intercondylar Distance ◽  
Ramus Height ◽  
Condylar Neck ◽  
Long Term Studies

Treating extreme mandibular growth is challenging. The mandible is pushed backwards to address itsprotrusion. Nevertheless, conclusions after such displacement in animals have been contradictory. The aim of the present review is to present measurable alterations of the mandible and the condyle following retractionin healthy rats or rabbits. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were accessed for relevant studies up to October 2020. Eligibility was determined by the PICOS process, while the risk of bias was estimated with SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Retraction resulted in a more distal molar occlusion and the condyle rested more posteriorly. Mandibular anteroposterior bilateral growth restriction was achieved, the condylar process measured smaller and its angulation increased. The condylar neck thickened, its posterior surface flattened, the coronoid process was measured longer, and enlarged retromolar density was registered. Differences in the ramus height and the intercondylar distance were insignificant. Changes persisted for the period of study and subsequently the mandible resumed its inherited growth pattern. The timing of mandibular shaping and TMJ outcomes might depend on the properties of the applied force. Stability is of concern and well-structured, long-term studies are expected to resolve the issue and further clarify the results of posterior mandibular displacement.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniaeafter Azithromycin Distribution for Trachoma

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek K-H. Ho ◽  
Christian Sawicki ◽  
Nicholas Grassly
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotic ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Blinding Trachoma

Trachoma is caused byChlamydia trachomatisand is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Mass distribution of azithromycin (AZM) is part of the strategy for the global elimination of blinding trachoma by 2020. Although resistance to AZM inC. trachomatishas not been reported, there have been concerns about resistance in other organisms when AZM is administered in community settings. We identified studies that measured pneumococcal prevalence and resistance to AZM following mass AZM provision reported up to 2013 in Medline and Web of Science databases. Potential sources of bias were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. A total of 45 records were screened, of which 8 met the inclusion criteria. We identified two distinct trends of resistance prevalence, which are dependent on frequency of AZM provision and baseline prevalence of resistance. We also demonstrated strong correlation between the prevalence of resistance at baseline and at 2-3 months (r=0.759). Although resistance to AZM inC. trachomatishas not been reported, resistance to this commonly used macrolide antibiotic in other diseases could compromise treatment. This should be considered when planning long-term trachoma control strategies.

scholarly journals Altered mandibular growth under functional posterior displacement in rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arcelino Farias-Neto ◽  
Ana Paula Varela Brown Martins ◽  
Sidney Raimundo Figueroba ◽  
Francisco Carlos Groppo ◽  
Solange Maria de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mandibular Growth ◽  
Posterior Displacement ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Female Wistar Rats ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Intercondylar Distance ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Ramus Height ◽  
Student’S T Test

Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in mandibular growth between growing rats with posterior functional mandibular displacement and growing rats without functional mandibular displacement. Materials and Methods: Twenty female Wistar rats (5 weeks old) were randomized into two groups: (1) control and (2) mandible posterior displacement in the occluded condition induced by an occlusal guiding appliance. After 8 weeks all animals were sacrificed, cone beam computed tomography scan images of the heads were taken using the classic I-CAT, and acrylic rapid-prototyped templates of the mandibles were constructed. Mandibular length, ramus height, and intercondylar distance were measured. Mandibular length and ramus height were submitted to the two-way analysis of variance, while intercondylar distance was analyzed by nonpaired Student's t-test. Results: Mandibular length was bigger (P < .0001) in the control than in the experimental group, but no significant difference was found between the left and right sides (P  =  .9380). No significant differences were observed for ramus height and intercondylar distance. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated that functional posterior displacement of the mandible in growing rats resulted in shorter mandibular length.

scholarly journals Antileukotrienes for the prevention and treatment of chronic lung disease in very preterm newborns: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlide Jukema ◽  
Franciszek Borys ◽  
Greta Sibrecht ◽  
Karsten Juhl Jørgensen ◽  
Matteo Bruschettini
Keyword(s):  
Lung Disease ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Chronic Lung Disease ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Very Preterm Infants ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Preterm Newborns

Abstract Background Very preterm infants are at high risk of developing chronic lung disease, which requires respiratory support and might have long-term sequelae. As lung inflammation plays an important role in pathogenesis, antileukotrienes have been explored in both clinical and animal studies. We aimed to assess the benefits and harms of antileukotrienes for the prevention and treatment of respiratory morbidity and mortality in very preterm newborns. Methods In this systematic review, we included randomized trials and non-randomized studies in humans and animals reporting the effects of antileukotrienes in very preterm infants or other mammals within 10 days of birth. Our pre-specified primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and any harm, and, for the clinical studies, incidence of chronic lung disease. Included studies underwent risk of bias-assessment and data extraction performed by two authors independently. There were no language restrictions. Results Fifteen studies totally met our inclusion criteria: one randomized trial and four non-randomized studies in humans and 10 animal studies (five in rodents, two in lambs and one in either guinea pigs, rabbits or caprinae). All five clinical studies used montelukast and had a small sample size, ranging from 4 to 77 infants. The randomized trial (n = 60) found no difference in the incidence of chronic lung disease between the groups. Only one clinical study, which enrolled four very preterm infants and had a critical overall risk of bias, reported long-term outcomes. All other studies had unclear or greater overall risk of bias and meta-analyses were therefore deemed unfeasible. Eight of ten animal studies used leukotriene receptor antagonists as antileukotriene (montelukast in three of ten studies) and seven had an experimental study design (i.e. some animals were not exposed to antileukotrienes but no randomization). Three of the ten animal studies assessed different doses. Animal studies found no effect on the outcomes mortality, growth, or lung function related surrogate outcomes. Conclusions Use of antileukotrienes in very preterm infants to prevent or treat chronic lung disease is not supported by the available evidence. Large randomized trials focusing on outcomes relevant to patients, including long-term outcomes, are needed. Studies should also minimize risk of bias.

scholarly journals The Effects of Psychosocial Stress on Memory and Cognitive Ability: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth McManus ◽  
Deborah Talmi ◽  
Hamied Haroon ◽  
Nils Muhlert
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Stress Induction ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of stress on cognitive abilities, such as memory, is well documented in animal studies but it is not yet clear how stress in human social interactions affects memory. This review systematically explored the evidence regarding the effects of psychosocial stress on memory and associated cognitive abilities. PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of Science databases were searched for studies assessing the effects of psychosocial stress on long-term memory or related cognitive functions. Fifty-one studies were identified and compared based on the timing of stress induction. No overall effect of psychosocial stress induction was seen on long-term or working memory regardless of whether stress induction occurred following encoding or before retrieval. Psychosocial stress had a moderate effect in studies comparing memory for emotional compared to neutral stimuli, but the direction of this effect varied across studies. Psychosocial stress decreased performance on executive function tasks. Our findings demonstrate that psychosocial stress may not have the clear effects on memory previously ascribed to it, suggesting potentially different mechanisms from physiological stressors.

scholarly journals Ozonoterapia na Osteoartrose do Joelho: Revisão Sistemática

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Costa ◽  
Santiago Rodrigues-Manica ◽  
Carina Lopes ◽  
João Gomes ◽  
José Marona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Functional Improvement ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Ozone Therapy ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Bias Assessment

Introduction: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review in order to examine the effectiveness of ozone therapy on knee osteoarthritis. The objectives were to evaluate the effect over time of ozone therapy in terms of knee pain, functional improvement and radiographic progression.Material and Methods: A search was carried out on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Web of Science databases to identify randomized and controlled studies focusing on this association. The following descriptors were used in English: ozone therapy, knee osteoarthritis. A descriptive summary and quality assessment was made of all studies included for analysis.Results: Six randomized and controlled studies were identified. The risk of bias assessment demonstrated that one study was considered as having a moderate risk of bias and the remainder a high risk of bias. No quantitative analysis of the data was performed, as the studies included were not sufficiently homogeneous. The participants in the studies were generally elderly patients with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis.Discussion: The variability of ozone therapy and the comparators demonstrates that there is no standardized therapy. Few studies reported adverse effects, and where they occurred, they were mild and associated with the procedure.Conclusion: Ozone therapy proved effective in the short-term in relation to placebo and when combined with hyaluronic acid, but it was not superior to other current treatments. More randomised and controlled studies are needed to evaluate the risks/benefits of ozone therapy, both in the short term and the medium/long term.

scholarly journals Does exogenous female sex hormone administration affect the rate of tooth movement and root resorption? A systematic review of animal studies

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257778
Author(s):  
Eleftherios G. Kaklamanos ◽  
Miltiadis A. Makrygiannakis ◽  
Athanasios E. Athanasiou
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Sex Hormones

Background The long-term use of contraceptive methods that contain estrogens, progestogens or combinations of the above among women aged 15 to 49 years is extensive. Both estrogens and progestogens affect bone metabolism. Objective To systematically investigate and appraise the quality of the available evidence from animal studies regarding the impact of exogenous administration of female sex hormones on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption. Search methods Search without restriction in seven databases (including grey literature) and hand searching were performed until May 2021. Selection criteria We looked for controlled animal studies investigating the effect from exogenous administration of formulations containing female sex hormones on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption. Data collection and analysis After study retrieval and selection, relevant data was extracted, and the risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool. The quality of available evidence was assessed with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Results Three studies were identified, all being at unclear risk of bias. Overall, administration of progesterone and the combinations of estradiol with norgestrel and desogestrel were shown to significantly decrease the rate of orthodontic tooth movement when given for longer periods (>3 weeks). Inconsistent information was detected for shorter periods of consumption. Estradiol, with desogestrel use, resulted in less root resorption. The quality of the available evidence was considered to be low. Conclusions Exogenous administration of female sex hormones may decelerate in the long term the rate of tooth movement and decrease orthodontically induced root resorption in animals. Until more information becomes available, an orthodontist should be able to identify a patient consuming such substances and understand the potential clinical implications and adverse effects that may arise. Registration PROSPERO: CRD42017078208; https://clinicaltrials.gov/.

Does long-term use of pain relievers have an impact on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement? A systematic review of animal studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 468-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miltiadis A Makrygiannakis ◽  
Eleftherios G Kaklamanos ◽  
Athanasios E Athanasiou
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Orthodontic Tooth Movement ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
High Doses

Summary Background Pain relief drugs are used and misused widely and may theoretically affect the events leading to orthodontic tooth movement. Objective To systematically investigate and appraise the quality of the available evidence regarding the effect of pain relief medications on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Search methods Search without restrictions in eight databases (including grey literature) and hand searching until October 2018. Selection criteria Animal controlled studies investigating the effect of pain relievers on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Data collection and analysis Following study retrieval and selection, relevant data were extracted and the risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool. Results Fourteen studies were finally identified, most of which at unclear risk of bias. Ibuprofen and loxoprofen did not show any significant effects on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement, whereas indomethacin, ketorolac, morphine, and high doses of etoricoxib were found to decrease it. Inconsistent or conflicting effects were noted after the administration of acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, celecoxib, meloxicam, and tramadol. The quality of the available evidence was considered at best as low. Conclusions Long-term consumption of pain relievers may affect the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. The orthodontist should be capable of identifying patients taking pain relievers independently of orthodontic treatment and consider the possible implications. Trial registration PROSPERO (CRD42017078208).

Comparison of Studies on Saccharin and Sodium Nitrite

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 883-888
Author(s):  
Jean M Taylor ◽  
Victor H Morgenroth
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
In Utero ◽  
In Utero Exposure ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Long Term Studies

Abstract A review of long term animal studies of saccharin and sodium nitrite was undertaken to assess the effect of variability of selected protocol elements on the results obtained. These elements were divided into 4 general categories: design, including selection of test animals, basal diet, dosage form and doses of test substance, route of administration, and duration of exposure; observations, including gross observations during life and at necropsy, clinical tests, and histopathology; performance, including conduct of the test and animal husbandry; and analytical procedures, including chemical and statistical analyses. Because many of the protocol elements are not fully discussed in study reports, it was often impossible to determine what actually had been done. The review of various saccharin studies suggests that bladder tumors resulted following in utero exposure. In utero exposure with sodium nitrite did not appear to cause reticuloendothelial changes. The numerous variations in protocol elements in the nitrite studies precluded identification of a prime element responsible for the variation in reticuloendothelial changes observed. It can be concluded from this review that achievement of reproducibility in long term studies requires minimal variation of protocol elements for the new study.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Condylar Process Fractures - Level 3 Tutorial

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 44-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Neff ◽  
Carl-Peter Cornelius ◽  
Michael Rasse ◽  
DanielDalla Torre ◽  
Laurent Audigé
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Condylar Process ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Condylar Head ◽  
Ramus Height ◽  
Condylar Neck

This tutorial outlines the detailed system for fractures of the condylar process at the precision level 3 and is organized in a sequence of sections dealing with the description of the classification system within topographical subdivisions along with rules for fracture coding and a series of case examples with clinical imaging. Basically, the condylar process comprises three fracture levels and is subdivided into the head region, the condylar neck, and the condylar base. Fractures of the condylar head show typical fracture lines either within the lateral pole zone, which may lead to loss of vertical height, or medially to the pole zone, with the latter ones usually not compromising the vertical condyle to fossa relation. In condylar head fractures, the morphology is further described by the presence of minor or major fragmentation, the vertical apposition of fragments at the plane of the head fracture, the displacement of the condylar head with regard to the fossa including a potential distortion of the condylar head congruency resulting in dystopic condyle to fossa relations and the presence or absence of a loss of vertical ramus height. A specific vertical fracture pattern extending from the head to the neck or base subregion is considered. Fractures of the condylar neck and base can be differentiated according to a newly introduced one-third to two-thirds rule with regard to the proportion of the fracture line above and below the level of the sigmoid notch, which is presented in the classification article, and are basically subdivided according to the presence or absence of displacement or dislocation. In both condylar neck and base fractures, the classification is again based on the above mentioned parameters such as fragmentation, displacement of the condylar head with regard to the fossa, including dystopic condyle to fossa relations and loss of vertical ramus height, that is, according to the measurement of the condylar process. In addition, the classification assesses a sideward displacement including the respective displacement sector at the neck or base fracture site as well as the angulation of the superior main fragment and also considers a potential displacement of the caudal fragment with regard to the fossa, which may occur in fractures affecting additional fracture locations in the mandible. The design of this classification is discussed along with a review of existing classification systems. The condylar process for fracture location was defined according to the level 2 system presented in a previous tutorial in this special issue.

Implications of Long-Term Studies of Three Model Preschool Programs for Head Start

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence J. Schweinhart ◽  
Elena V. Malofeeva ◽  
Lawrence J. Schweinhart ◽  
Michelle M. Englund ◽  
Arthur J. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Start ◽  
Preschool Programs ◽  
Long Term Studies
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