scholarly journals Impact of Xylanase and Glucanase on Oligosaccharide Formation, Carbohydrate Fermentation Patterns, and Nutrient Utilization in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broilers

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1285
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Kouzounis ◽  
Jos A. Hageman ◽  
Natalia Soares ◽  
Joris Michiels ◽  
Henk A. Schols
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Xylanase Activity ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Enzyme Supplementation

This study aimed at determining how the degradation of cereal non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) by dietary enzymes during feed digestion can influence nutrient digestibility and NSP fermentability in broilers. Ninety-six one-day-old male broilers were assigned to 4 different treatments: control and enzyme-supplemented wheat-based (WC, WE) or maize-based (MC, ME) treatments. Enzyme supplementation with endo-xylanase and endo-glucanase occurred from day 20 onwards. On day 28, digesta samples were collected. Nutrient digestibility, NSP recovery, oligosaccharide profile, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) content were determined. Enzyme supplementation in WE resulted in a higher starch (3%; p = 0.004) and protein (5%; p = 0.002) digestion in the ileum compared to WC. Xylanase activity in WE led to in situ formations of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides consisting of 5 to 26 pentose units in the ileum. This coincided with decreased arabinose (p = 0.059) and xylose (p = 0.036) amounts in the ceca and higher acetate (p = 0.014) and butyrate (p = 0.044) formation in WE compared to WC. Conversely, complete total tract recovery of arabinoxylan in MC and ME suggested poor maize NSP fermentability. Overall, enzyme action improved nutrient digestibility and arabinoxylan fermentability in the wheat-based diet. The lower response of the maize-based diet to enzyme treatment may be related to the recalcitrance of maize arabinoxylan as well as to the high nutritive value of maize.

The nutritive value of hemp meal for ruminants

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Mustafa ◽  
J. J. McKinnon ◽  
D. A. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Randomized Design

Hemp meal (HM) is derived from the processing of hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) seeds. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritive value of HM for ruminants. Two ruminally fistulated cows were used in a randomized complete-block design to estimate in situ ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability of HM relative to canola meal (CM), heated canola meal (HCM) and borage meal (BM) meal. Intestinal availability of rumen undegraded CP was estimated using a pepsin–pancreatin in vitro assay. Twenty growing lambs were utilized in a completely randomized design to determine total–tract nutrient digestibility coefficients of diets in which HM replaced CM at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% as a protein source. Results of the in situ study showed that the soluble-CP fraction of HM was similar to that of HCM and lower (P < 0.05) than those of CM and BM. Rate of degradation of the potentially degradable CP fraction and effective CP degradability of HM was higher (P < 0.05) than HCM and lower (P < 0.05) than CM and BM. Rumen undegraded CP and intestinal digestibility of RUP were highest (P < 0.05) for HM and HCM (average 782.5 and 644.5 g kg–1 of CP, respectively), intermediate for CM (473.9 and 342.9 g kg–1 of CP, respectively) and lowest for BM (401.5 and 242.3 g kg−1 of CP, respectively). However, total available CP was similar for the four protein sources (average 857.8 g kg−1 of CP). Feeding up to 200 g kg−1 HM did not affect voluntary intake or total-tract nutrient digestibility coefficients for sheep fed a barley-based diets. Hemp meal is an excellent source of RUP, with high post-ruminal availability, and may be used to replace CM with no detrimental effects on nutrient utilization by sheep. Key words: Hemp meal, nutritive value, ruminants

scholarly journals Effect of rye grain derived from different cultivars or maize grain use in the diet on ruminal fermentation parameters and nutrient digestibility in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Rajtar ◽  
Paweł Górka ◽  
Bogdan Śliwiński ◽  
Jarosław Wieczorek ◽  
Danuta Boros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Nutrient Digestion ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Hybrid Cultivar

AbstractSix wether sheep with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square to determine the effect of rye grain (from an open-pollinated or a hybrid cultivar) and maize grain from hybrid cultivar inclusion in the diet on ruminal fermentation parameters and nutrient digestion in different gastrointestinal tract compartments. The experimental diets consisted of meadow hay (800 g/day) and a concentrate mixture (300 g/day) that contained rye grain from an open-pollinated cultivar (OPRG), rye grain from a hybrid cultivar (HRG), or maize grain from a hybrid cultivar (MG) as a main energy source. Each experimental period lasted 17 days and consisted of 10 days for diet adaptation and 7 days for data and sample collection. Ruminal fermentation (pH, short-chain fatty acids, and ammonia concentration) and nutrient digestion up to the duodenum (in reticulorumen, omasum, and abomasum), in the intestine, as well as in the total digestive tract was investigated. Mean ruminal pH was higher for MG compared to HRG and OPRG (P<0.01) but did not differ between HRG and OPRG (6.45, 6.35, and 6.29 for MG, HRG, and OPRG, respectively). Treatment did not affect short-chain fatty acid concentration in the rumen, except for the molar proportions of valeric acid and of isovaleric acid of the total short-chain fatty acids, which was or tended to be higher (P≤0.06) for MG compared to HRG and OPRG. Less starch was digested in the gastrointestinal tract up to the duodenum and more in the intestine for MG compared to HRG and OPRG (P=0.01); however, total tract nutrient digestibility did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, usage of rye grain in sheep diets resulted in a lower ruminal pH compared to maize grain usage. No differences for ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion up to the duodenum, in the intestine, as well as in the total digestive tract between rye grain from open-pollinated and hybrid cultivar usage in sheep diets were found.

scholarly journals A heterogeneous microbial consortium producing short-chain fatty acids from lignocellulose

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6507) ◽  
pp. eabb1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Shahab ◽  
Simone Brethauer ◽  
Matthew P. Davey ◽  
Alison G. Smith ◽  
Silvia Vignolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzyme ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Spatial Niche ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Microbial consortia are a promising alternative to monocultures of genetically modified microorganisms for complex biotransformations. We developed a versatile consortium-based strategy for the direct conversion of lignocellulose to short-chain fatty acids, which included the funneling of the lignocellulosic carbohydrates to lactate as a central intermediate in engineered food chains. A spatial niche enabled in situ cellulolytic enzyme production by an aerobic fungus next to facultative anaerobic lactic acid bacteria and the product-forming anaerobes. Clostridium tyrobutyricum, Veillonella criceti, or Megasphaera elsdenii were integrated into the lactate platform to produce 196 kilograms of butyric acid per metric ton of beechwood. The lactate platform demonstrates the benefits of mixed cultures, such as their modularity and their ability to convert complex substrates into valuable biochemicals.

scholarly journals Performance and Milk Composition of Nubian Goats as Affected by Increasing Level of Nannochloropsis oculata Microalgae

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2453
Author(s):  
Ahmed E. Kholif ◽  
Gouda A. Gouda ◽  
Hatem A. Hamdon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Nannochloropsis Oculata ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Lactating Goats

Fat supplementation affects the lactational performance of goats and dramatically changes milk nutritive value. In the present experiment, two levels of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae, a natural source of rumen-protected eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were studied in the diet of Nubian goats. Using quintuplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, fifteen lactating goats, (14 ± 2 months old and 33.0 ± 1.3 kg) after kidding, were randomly assigned into three treatments in an 84-d assay. Goats were offered a basal diet comprising berseem clover, wheat straw and concentrates in 3:2:5, respectively, (control treatment-no supplementation). The other two treatments were supplemented with N. oculata microalgae at 5 g (NOM5 treatment) or 10 g (NOM10 treatment)/doe/d. Without affecting intake, treatments improved (p < 0.01) nutrient digestibility. Supplementations had no effect on ruminal pH and ammonia-nitrogen, however, NOM5 and NOM10 linearly improved (p < 0.05) total volatile fatty acids and propionic acids. N. oculata supplementation linearly increased (p < 0.01) milk yield and lactose content. Supplementation reduced atherogenic index (p = 0.004) and enhanced the concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and C20:5n3 (EPA). Conclusively, feeding Nubian goats on diet supplemented with N. oculata at 5 and 10 g improved milk production and the nutritive value. No improvements in the performance were observed when N. oculata dose was increased from 5 g to 10 g/doe; thus, 5 g dose is recommended for use.

scholarly journals Dietary Supplementation with Flammulina velutipes Stem Waste on Growth Performance, Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids and Serum Profile in Weaned Piglets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuzhou Liu ◽  
Jinbiao Zhao ◽  
Gang Zhang ◽  
Jiangxu Hu ◽  
Ling Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Animal Trial ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary FVS supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, biochemical profile of serum and fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in weaned piglets. In Exp.1, 150 weaned pigs (initial body weight: 6.89 ± 1.17 kg) were allotted to five dietary treatments. The treatment diets included a basal diet and four experimental diets supplemented with 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% FVS respectively. The animal trial lasted for 28 days. In Exp.2, 72 piglets (initial body weight: 8.20 ± 1.67 kg) were allotted to three dietary treatments. The treatment diets included a basal diet and two experimental diets supplemented with 1.5% and 3.0% FVS, respectively. The animal trial lasted for 56 days. The results showed that pigs fed dietary FVS with 3% or lower inclusion levels had no significant difference (p > 0.10) on growth performance compared with pigs fed the control diet during day 1–28 and day 1–56. Dietary FVS supplementation decreased the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients on day 28, day 35 and day 56, but no significant changes (p > 0.05) of nutrient digestibility were observed on day 14. Although piglets fed diets with higher levels of FVS showed impaired growth performance and ATTD of nutrients, dietary FVS supplementation improved the fecal SCFA production, antioxidant capacity, interleukin-2 and growth hormone levels in serum, and reduced the harmful low-density lipoprotein levels in serum on day 56. In conclusion, as a promising alternative fibrous ingredient, FVS could be supplemented in diets of weaned piglets with a proportion under 3%.

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