Intravenous Acetaminophen Does Not Provide Adequate Postoperative Analgesia in Dogs Following Ovariohysterectomy

(1) Objective: To investigate the analgesic effects of intravenous acetaminophen after intravenous administration in dogs presenting for ovariohysterectomy. (2) Methods: 14 ASA I client-owned female entire dogs. In this randomized, blinded, clinical study, dogs were given meperidine and acepromazine intramuscularly before induction of anesthesia with intravenous propofol. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intravenous acetaminophen 20 mg/kg or 0.9% NaCl was administered postoperatively. Pain assessments were conducted using the Glasgow Pain Scale short form before premedication and at 10, 20, 60, 120, and 180 min post-extubation or until rescue analgesia was given. The pain scores, times, and incidences of rescue analgesia between the groups was compared. Blood was collected before and 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 min after acetaminophen administration. Acetaminophen plasma concentration was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The acetaminophen plasma concentration at the time of each pain score evaluation was subsequently calculated. (3) Results: There was no significant difference in pain scores at 10 min, highest pain scores, or time of rescue analgesia between groups. In each group, 3 dogs (43%) received rescue analgesia within 20 min. (4) Conclusions: Following ovariohysterectomy in dogs, there was no detectable analgesic effect of a 20 mg/kg dosage of intravenous acetaminophen administered at the end of surgery.

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Postoperative Analgesic Effects of Laserpuncture and Meloxicam in Bitches Submitted to Ovariohysterectomy

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci7030094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Rubia M. Tomacheuski ◽

Marilda O. Taffarel ◽

Guilherme S. Cardoso ◽

Ana A. P. Derussi ◽

Marcos Ferrante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pain Management ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Postoperative Pain Management ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Rescue Analgesia ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Pain Scores ◽

Chi Squared ◽

Perioperative Pain Management

Background: This prospective, randomised and blind study investigated the efficacy of laserpuncture for postoperative pain management in dogs. Method: Sixteen bitches were sedated with acepromazine and randomly treated before ovariohysterectomy with meloxicam 0.2 mg·kg−1 intramuscular or laserpuncture (wavelength 904 mm, frequency 124 Hz, potency 10 Joules, 100 s in each acupoint). Anaesthesia was performed with propofol, isoflurane/O2, and fentanyl. The Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (GCMPS) and Dynamic Interactive Visual Analog Scale (DIVAS) were used to evaluate postoperative pain before and for 24 h after surgery. Morphine was administrated as rescue analgesia when pain scores were ≥3.33 (GCMPS). Differences between treatments, time points, and amount of rescue analgesia between groups were investigated by the Mann–Whitney test and the area under the curve (AUC) for GCMPS, Friedman, and Chi-squared tests, respectively (p < 0.05). Results: Dogs treated with laserpuncture presented lower GCMPS AUC for 24 h and lower GCMPS scores at 2 and 4 h postoperatively (p = 0.04). Three dogs treated with meloxicam required postoperatively rescue analgesia against none treated with laserpuncture. Conclusions: In this preliminary study, laserpuncture mitigated postoperative pain in dogs following ovariohysterectomy, and the technique is a promising adjunct to perioperative pain management in dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery.

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Analgesic efficacy and associated plasma concentration of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol following oral administration post ovariohysterectomy in dogs

10.7287/peerj.preprints.1510v1 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth M Goudie-DeAngelis ◽

Kerry J Woodhouse

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentration ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

Pain Score ◽

Short Form ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Analgesic Efficacy ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Clinical Pain ◽

Drug Plasma ◽

Significant Difference

Tramadol is used in both human and veterinary medicine to treat postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate tramadol as a sole postoperative analgesic and to compare drug plasma concentration to clinical pain score. A high or low dose of tramadol was randomly assigned and administered to 14 mixed breed female dogs after ovariohysterectomy. The Short-Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale was used for pain evaluation post-operatively. Plasma was collected for evaluation of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol concentrations. The effect of weight and dose on pain scores as well as how pain score correlated with plasma concentration of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol was evaluated. A significant difference in pain score was noted between doses when weight classes were pooled. The plasma concentrations did not correlate with pain score. Based on our results, the use of tramadol as a sole analgesic agent provides inadequate postoperative pain control.

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Comparison of the effects of nefopam and tramadol on postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/53/2016-vetmed ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 62 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 131-137

Author(s):

S. Zhang ◽

JN Li ◽

L. Luan ◽

W. Guan ◽

XY Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Mean Arterial Pressure ◽

Postoperative Analgesia ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Composite Measure ◽

Rescue Analgesia ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Pain Scores ◽

Mixed Breed ◽

Group D

Relieving perioperative pain can reduce postoperative suffering and improve recovery from anaesthesia in animals. The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic effects of nefopam and tramadol in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-four adult mixed-breed female dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8) and received their respective treatments immediately after surgery: Group T (2 mg/kg tramadol, i.v.), Group C (1 mg/kg nefopam, i.v.) and Group D (2 mg/kg nefopam, i.v.). The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) were measured and the level of analgesia was assessed using the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (CMPS-SF). The CMPS-SF was performed at least two days before premedication (baseline), every 2 h for the first 8 h (post-extubation), at 12 h and at 24 h. Results showed that the HR in all groups was significantly (P < 0.05) higher at 2 and 6 h than at baseline. The RR in Group T was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 0 and 2 h than at baseline. Rescue analgesia (0.2 mg/kg morphine, i.v.) was provided if CMPS-SF pain scores greater than or equal to six. Four dogs required rescue analgesia: one dog in Group T at 2 h and three dogs in Group C at 2 and 6 h. No dogs in Group D required rescue analgesia. The CMPS-SF pain scores of dogs in Group C were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in Group T at 6, 8 and 12 h. The scores in Group D were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in Group C at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h. The scores in Group D were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in Group T at 2 and 4 h. However, the scores in Group D were not significantly different compared with Group T. In conclusion, this study suggests that nefopam at 2 mg/kg i.v. produces better postoperative analgesia compared with tramadol at 2 mg/kg i.v. or nefopam at 1 mg/kg i.v. in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

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Analgesic efficacy and associated plasma concentration of tramadol and O-desmethyltramadol following oral administration post ovariohysterectomy in dogs

10.7287/peerj.preprints.1510 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth M Goudie-DeAngelis ◽

Kerry J Woodhouse

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentration ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

Pain Score ◽

Short Form ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Analgesic Efficacy ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Clinical Pain ◽

Drug Plasma ◽

Significant Difference

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Randomised clinical trial comparing the perioperative analgesic efficacy of oral tramadol and intramuscular tramadol in cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x211040406 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1098612X2110404

Author(s):

Sébastien H Bauquier

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

Analgesic Efficacy ◽

Randomised Clinical Trial ◽

Rescue Analgesia ◽

Exact Test ◽

Pain Scores ◽

Significant Difference ◽

American Society ◽

Induction Of Anaesthesia

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of oral tramadol in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Methods Twenty-four female domestic cats, American Society of Anesthesiologists class I, aged 4–24 months, were included in this positive controlled, randomised, blinded clinical trial. Cats admitted for ovariohysterectomy were allocated to group oral tramadol (GOT, n = 12) or group intramuscular tramadol (GIMT, n = 12). In GOT, tramadol (6 mg/kg) was given orally 60 mins, and saline was given intramuscularly 30 mins, before induction of anaesthesia. In GIMT, granulated sugar in capsules was given orally 60 mins and tramadol (4 mg/kg) intramuscularly 30 mins before induction of anaesthesia. In both groups, dexmedetomidine (0.007 mg/kg) was given intramuscularly 30 mins before induction of anaesthesia with intravenous propofol. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen, and atipamezole (0.037 mg/kg) was given intramuscularly 10 mins after extubation. The UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite scale was used to conduct pain assessments before premedication and at 20, 60, 120, 240 and 360 mins post-extubation or until rescue analgesia was given. To compare groups, the 60 min postoperative pain scores and the highest postoperative pain scores were analysed via a two-tailed Mann–Whitney test, and the incidences of rescue analgesia were analysed via a Fisher’s exact test; P <0.05. Results There was no significant difference between groups for the 60 min ( P = 0.68) pain scores. The highest postoperative pain score was higher for GIMT compared with GOT ( P = 0.04). Only two cats required rescue analgesia, both from GIMT. The incidence of rescue analgesia was not significantly different between groups ( P = 0.46). Conclusions and relevance In the present study, preoperative administration of oral tramadol at 6 mg/kg to cats provided adequate analgesia for 6 h following ovariohysterectomy surgery.

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Does meloxicam provide adequate pain management as a post-operative analgesic in canine ovariohysterectomy patients?

The Veterinary Nurse ◽

10.12968/vetn.2020.11.4.192 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 192-197

Author(s):

Gavin Goldsbrough ◽

Helen Reynolds

Keyword(s):

Pain Management ◽

Pain Score ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Short Term ◽

Post Surgery ◽

Pain Scores ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Time Frames ◽

Adequate Pain Management

Background: Meloxicam is an analgesic agent with anti-inflammatory properties, commonly used in veterinary practices to treat a variety of different long-term medical conditions and is also used as a short-term pain relief following particularly traumatic surgeries. Aims: An observational study was conducted to determine whether meloxicam provides adequate pain management as a post-operative analgesic for canine ovariohysterectomies. Methods: 13 canines were admitted for ovariohysterectomy. Each patient was assessed using the Glasgow composite pain scale (CMPS) prior to surgery during the admission procedure, 15 minutes post-operatively, at discharge and at their post-operative check (POC) 3–5 days after surgery. Results: Data were statistically analysed to determine the overall effectiveness of meloxicam in reducing pain following canine ovariohysterectomy. The results showed a statistically significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis test: H3 =12.98, p=0.005) in pain scores between admission, 15 minutes post operatively, discharge and 3–5 days POC. The greatest decrease in pain score was between 15 minutes post-operatively and POC (Mann-Whitney U test: W=236, n=13, 13, p=0.0014) and between discharge and POC (Mann-Whitney U test: W=227, n=13, 13, p=0.0060). Overall, this demonstrated that there was an improvement in pain suggesting meloxicam is effective between these time frames. In addition, 69.2% (n=9) of patients in the study showed a pain score of 0, indicating an absence of pain, on their final POC. Statistical analysis was also used to determine if there was any difference in pain score between the 3, 4 or 5 day POC pain score. The results show there was no significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis test: H2 =0.090, p=0.638) suggesting that meloxicam's effectiveness was similar across this range of time post surgery. Conclusion: The results from the study indicate that meloxicam is an effective post-operative analgesic for canine patients undergoing an ovariohysterectomy.

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Analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine in cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x15610162 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 906-912 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Javier Benito ◽

Beatriz Monteiro ◽

Anne-Marie Lavoie ◽

Guy Beauchamp ◽

B Duncan X Lascelles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Linear Models ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Analgesic Efficacy ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Positive Control ◽

Rescue Analgesia ◽

Pain Scores ◽

Blinded Study ◽

Effect Of Treatment

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal (IP) bupivacaine in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Methods Forty-five cats were included in a randomized, prospective, blinded study after owners’ written consent was obtained. The anesthetic protocol included acepromazine–buprenorphine–propofol–isoflurane. A ventral midline incision was made and cats (n = 15/group) were administered either IP saline 0.9% (negative and positive control groups; NG and PG, respectively) or IP bupivacaine (2 mg/kg; bupivacaine group; BG). Cats in the PG received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg SC). An OVH was performed and postoperative pain was evaluated using a dynamic interactive visual analog scale (DIVAS), the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (MCPS) and mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT) for up to 8 h after the end of surgery. Postoperative sedation was evaluated using DIVAS. Rescue analgesia was provided with buprenorphine and/or meloxicam. Repeated measures linear models and a Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test were used for statistical analysis ( P <0.05). Results There was a significant effect of treatment on the number of times rescue analgesia was administered ( P = 0.002) (PG, n = 2, 13%; NG, n = 12, 80%; BG, n = 4, 27%) with the number of rescues being higher in the NG group than in the PG ( P = 0.0004) and BG ( P = 0.02) groups. The DIVAS, MCPS and MNT were significantly different when compared with baseline values at different time points; however, data were not significantly different among groups. Conclusions and relevance Treatments PG and BG produced similar analgesia in terms of pain scores, number of times rescue analgesia was administered and MNT. Based on rescue analgesia, IP administration of bupivacaine provides analgesia in cats after OVH.

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Evaluation of Quadratus Lumborum Block as Part of an Opioid-Free Anaesthesia for Canine Ovariohysterectomy

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11123424 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3424

Author(s):

Jaime Viscasillas ◽

Sandra Sanchis-Mora ◽

Paula Burillo ◽

Vicente Esteve ◽

Ayla Del Romero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pain Score ◽

Short Form ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Rescue Analgesia ◽

Quadratus Lumborum Block ◽

Quadratus Lumborum ◽

Before And After ◽

Trimmed Means ◽

Dependent Samples ◽

Medical Air

Quadratus lumborum block (QLB) is used to provide analgesia for abdominal surgery in humans. The aim of this study was to assess an anaesthetic protocol involving the QLB for canine ovariohysterectomy. Ten dogs were included. Anaesthetic protocol consisted of premedication with IM medetomidine (20 μg kg−1) and SC meloxicam (0.1 mg kg−1), induction with propofol to effect, and maintenance with sevoflurane in oxygen/medical air. QLB was performed injecting 0.4 mL kg−1 of 0.25% bupivacaine/iohexol per side. Computed Tomography (CT) was performed before and after surgery. Fentanyl was administered as rescue analgesia during surgery. The Short Form of The Glasgow Composite Pain Scale and thermal threshold (TT) at the level of the elbow, T10, T13 and L3 were assessed before premedication and every hour postoperatively. Methadone was given as rescue analgesia postoperatively when pain score was >3. A Yuen’s test on trimmed means for dependent samples was used to analyse the data (p < 0.05). CT images showed spreading of the contrast/block for a median (range) of 3 (2–5) vertebrae, without differences between preoperative and postoperative images. One dog needed rescue analgesia during surgery. Pain score was less than 4/24 in all the animals during the first 4 h after surgery. TT showed a significant increased signal in all the areas tested, apart from the humerus, 30 min after surgery. The QLB may provide additional analgesia for canine ovariohysterectomy. Further studies are needed to assess the specific contribution of the QLB in abdominal analgesia.

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Postoperative analgesic effects of Reiki therapy in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20200511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Leandro Pacheco ◽

Marina Marangoni ◽

Evandro de Oliveira Rodrigues ◽

Karine de Oliveira Marques Pacheco ◽

Gabrielle Coelho Freitas

Keyword(s):

Short Form ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Preoperative Period ◽

Composite Measure ◽

Single Session ◽

Analog Scale ◽

Anesthetic Induction ◽

Analgesic Effects ◽

Preanesthetic Medication ◽

Vas Scores

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Reiki therapy on postoperative pain in bitches undergoing elective minimally invasive ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Thirty bitches were randomly assigned to three groups: Control, Placebo, or Reiki. All dogs received methadone as preanesthetic medication (PAM), meloxicam in the preoperative period, propofol for anesthetic induction, and isoflurane for anesthetic maintenance. Immediately after OVH, the dogs in the Reiki were submitted to a single session of Reiki therapy, dogs in the Placebo received simulated Reiki therapy from a non-therapist, and dogs in the Control received no treatment. All dogs were evaluated for pain using short-form Glasgow composite measure pain scale (CMPS-SF) and visual analog scale (VAS) before (M0) and 2 (M2), 4 (M4), 8 (M8), 12 (M12), and 24 hours (M24) after administration of PAM. Comparing the CMPS-SF scores between the groups, at M2 Reiki scores were lower than those of the Placebo and at M4 those in the Reiki were lower than those of the Control or Placebo groups. Comparing the VAS scores, at M4 and M8, Reiki scores were lower than those of the Control or Placebo groups. Additional analgesia (morphine 0.2 mg.kg-1 intramuscularly) was administered to three bitches in Control and to four bitches of the Placebo. Reiki did not require additional opioid analgesia in the postoperative period. It was concluded that Reiki therapy provided analgesic effect and contributed to improve postoperative comfort of bitches submitted to elective OVH.

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Circumcision in children: postoperative analgesic efficiency of transversus abdominis plan block vs caudal epidural block: a prospective observational study

10.31083/jomh.2021.096 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1

Keyword(s):

Postoperative Pain ◽

Observational Study ◽

Postoperative Analgesia ◽

Prospective Observational Study ◽

Transversus Abdominis ◽

Tap Block ◽

Rescue Analgesia ◽

Pain Scores ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Caudal Epidural

Background and objective: Circumcision is one of the most common operations and can cause postoperative pain, fear, and anxiety for children. This study aims to compare the effects of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and caudal epidural (CE) anesthesia on postoperative analgesia after circumcision in providing postoperative pain control. Methods: Eighty boys aged 1 to 14 years who underwent elective circumcision surgery under general anesthesia either with USG-guided TAP block or with CE block for postoperative analgesia were enrolled consecutively to this prospective observational study equally in each group. Postoperative pain scores and need for rescue analgesia were recorded and compared between the two groups. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in mean age and Aldrete scores (p > 0.05). Body mass index (BMI) of the caudal block group was statistically lower than the TAP group (p < 0.05). While there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in 30th-minute VAS values (p > 0.05), the CE block group's 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, 18th, and 24th hour VAS values were statistically lower than the TAP block group's (p < 0.05). Conclusion: USG-guided TAB block under general anesthesia was not associated with lower postoperative pain scores and delayed rescue analgesia need compared with CE block in patients who underwent elective circumcision surgery. CE block provided superior analgesia than the USG-guided TAP block after elective circumcision surgery in this study.

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