Dog Ecology and Demographics in Several Areas in the Philippines and Its Application to Anti-Rabies Vaccination Programs

Understanding dog population dynamics plays a vital role in planning both rabies and dog management interventions. Establishing a human to dog ratio and an understanding how the urban/rural nature of the community might affect the overall dog population estimate provides an easy-to-use reference to estimate approximate dog populations in a range of communities. A total of 10,664 households were interviewed in 10 locations in the Philippines (2017 and 2018) to understand the dog population variations among the urban, semi-urban and rural areas. Epicollect5 and OSM tracker applications were used to conduct household interviews using a predesigned fixed set of questions. All answers were recorded directly using mobile phone applications. The survey results showed that for every 1000 humans, there are 256.3 dogs in rural areas, 213.8 dogs in semi-rural areas, 208.7 dogs in urban areas and 170.0 dogs on small islands of the Philippines. We estimate a total dog population in the Philippines of 23.29 million dogs (CI 95%, 22.51–24.07 million). Based on the survey findings from Quezon City and Cebu City, targets, resources allocations and vaccination approach were adjusted for the anti-rabies vaccination program at two locations in 2018, which lead to a 3- to 4-fold increase in the total number of dogs vaccinated in each city compared to previous years.

Download Full-text

ALS Curriculum Implementation for Juvenile Delinquents in Urban and Rural Areas in the Philippines: A Comparative Analysis

Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences ◽

10.47631/mejress.v1i1.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Vandon Borela

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Juvenile Delinquents ◽

Urban Areas ◽

The Philippines ◽

Learning System ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Alternative Learning ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose: The aim of this research study is to evaluate the implementation of Alternative Learning System (ALS) curriculum offered to juvenile delinquents in urban and rural areas in the Philippines. The study also aims to determine whether the current education programs meet the needs of the juvenile delinquents with reference to Juvenile delinquency acts. The study is an attempt to highlight the aspects of Alternative Learning System (ALS) that should be developed. Approach/Methodology/Design: The study is qualitative and conducted in Marikina City and Rizal province, the Philippines. This study used exploratory study analysis. The respondents are the Alternative Learning System (ALS) teachers. For data collection, three semi-structured interviews were employed and the respondents’ answers were categorized using analytical coding to compare and analyze the implementation of the ALS curriculum for juvenile delinquents. Findings: The interpretation and analysis of the data collected shows that the ALS teachers from both the rural and urban areas have the same experiences on the implementation of the ALS program for juvenile delinquents in terms of curriculum, instruction and assessment. Furthermore, the teachers gave an emphasis that once the juvenile delinquents undergo the program, they are given a new hope and new direction in life to pursue their dreams. Lastly, the teachers from both areas have the same suggestions for the improvement of the implementation of the program, such as additional funds for the development of quality learning materials, increasing the number of learning centers, and designing various forms of assessment. Practical Implications: The study will contribute positively to the understanding of Alternative learning System. The significance of this study lies in the comparison of the alternative learning system curriculum and how it is implemented to the juvenile delinquents in urban and in rural areas. Originality/value: This study engages ALS teachers in assessing the ALS curriculum, reflecting actual experiences to meet the expectations and needs of the juvenile delinquents.

Download Full-text

Decomposing Urban-rural Differences in Multimorbidity Among Older Adults in India: A Study Based on Lasi Data

10.21203/rs.3.rs-701569/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shekhar Chauhan ◽

Shobhit Srivast ◽

Pradeep Kumar ◽

Ratna Patel

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Decomposition Analysis ◽

The Public ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Ageing Study ◽

Urban Rural ◽

The Difference ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background: Multimorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more than two diseases in the same person. With rising longevity, multimorbidity has become a prominent concern among the older population. Evidence from both developed and developing countries shows that older people are at much higher risk of multimorbidity, however, urban-rural differential remained scarce. Therefore, this study examines urban-rural differential in multimorbidity among older adults by decomposing the risk factors of multimorbidity and identifying the covariates that contributed to the change in multimorbidity.Methods: The study utilized information from 31,464 older adults (rural-20,725 and urban-10,739) aged 60 years and above from the recent release of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) wave 1 data. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate decomposition analysis techniques were used.Results: Overall, significant urban-rural differences were found in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults (difference: 16.3; p<0.001). Moreover, obese/overweight and high-risk waist circumference were found to narrow the difference in the prevalence of multimorbidity among older adults between urban and rural areas by 8% and 9.1%, respectively.Conclusion: There is a need to substantially increase the public sector investment in healthcare to address the multimorbidity among older adults, more so in urban areas, without compromising the needs of older adults in rural areas.

Download Full-text

Does living in an urban environment confer advantages for childhood nutritional status? Analysis of disparities in nutritional status by wealth and residence in Angola, Central African Republic and Senegal

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2005835 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 187-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Gina Kennedy ◽

Guy Nantel ◽

Inge D Brouwer ◽

Frans J Kok

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Urban Environment ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Central African Republic ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Living Conditions ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Poor Children

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between childhood undernutrition and poverty in urban and rural areas.DesignAnthropometric and socio-economic data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in Angola-Secured Territory (Angola ST), Central African Republic and Senegal were used in this analysis. The population considered in this study is children 0–59 months, whose records include complete anthropometric data on height, weight, age, gender, socio-economic level and urban or rural area of residence. In addition to simple urban/rural comparisons, the population was stratified using a wealth index based on living conditions and asset ownership to compare the prevalence, mean Z-score and odds ratios for stunting and wasting.ResultsIn all cases, when using a simple urban/rural comparison, the prevalence of stunting was significantly higher in rural areas. However, when the urban and rural populations were stratified using a measure of wealth, the differences in prevalence of stunting and underweight in urban and rural areas of Angola ST, Central African Republic and Senegal disappeared. Poor children in these urban areas were just as likely to be stunted or underweight as poor children living in rural areas. The odds ratio of stunting in the poorest compared with the richest quintile was 3.4, 3.2 and 1.5 in Angola ST, Senegal and Central African Republic, respectively.ConclusionsThis paper demonstrates that simple urban/rural comparisons mask wide disparities in subgroups according to wealth. There is a strong relationship between poverty and chronic undernutrition in both urban and rural areas; this relationship does not change simply by living in an urban environment. However, urban and rural living conditions and lifestyles differ, and it is important to consider these differences when designing programmes and policies to address undernutrition.

Download Full-text

Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74 year-old adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: two cross-sectional studies

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020406 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. e020406 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wai Phyo Aung ◽

Aung Soe Htet ◽

Espen Bjertness ◽

Hein Stigum ◽

Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Who Steps Methodology ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Educational Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Studies ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between urban–rural location and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Yangon Region, and to estimate the proportion of urban and rural participants already diagnosed with DM, and of those, the proportion under treatment and under control.DesignTwo cross-sectional studies, using the WHO STEPs methodology.SettingThe Yangon Region of Myanmar, urban and rural areas.ParticipantsMen and women, aged 25–74 years, included during the study period from September–November 2013 (urban) and 2014 (rural areas) (n=1372). Institutionalised people, physically and mentally ill person, monks and nuns were excluded.ResultsThe age-standardised prevalence of DM was 12.1% in urban and 7.1% in rural areas (p=0.039). In urban areas, the prevalence of DM was lowest in the highest educational groups (p<0.001). There were no differences in DM prevalence between gender or income levels. In rural areas, those who were physically inactive had a low intake of fruit and vegetable and were overweight/obese had a higher DM prevalence than others. In a logistic regression, the OR for DM in rural compared with urban areas was 0.38 (0.22, 0.65), adjusted for sociodemographic variables and behavioural risk factors. In urban areas, 43.1% of participants had the experience of receiving blood glucose measurements by a doctor or health worker, and 61.5% of all cases of DM were already diagnosed, 78.7% were under treatment and 45.8% were under control. The corresponding proportions in rural areas were 26.4%, 52.4%, 78.1% and 32.0%, respectively.ConclusionThe prevalence of DM in the Yangon Region was high, and significantly higher in urban than in rural areas. More health services are needed to serve this population with a large proportion of undiagnosed diabetes. Preventive measures to halt and reduce the prevalence of DM are urgently needed.

Download Full-text

Demographic and Disease Characteristics of People With Multiple Sclerosis Living in Urban and Rural Areas

International Journal of MS Care ◽

10.7224/1537-2073-8.3.89 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 89-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Robert J. Buchanan ◽

Randolph Schiffer ◽

Alexa Stuifbergen ◽

Li Zhu ◽

Suojin Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

The United States ◽

Primary Progressive ◽

Disease Characteristics ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Disease Modifying ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This study compares demographic and disease-related characteristics of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) living in urban and rural areas. The data analyzed for this study were collected from a survey of 1518 people with MS living throughout the United States from October 2004 through January 2005. We found significant urban-rural differences in various MS characteristics, including type of MS. A significantly larger proportion of people with MS in remote rural areas than their urban counterparts responded that they had primary progressive MS. People with MS in rural areas were significantly more likely than those in urban areas to report that MS symptoms interfered with their independence. A significantly larger proportion of people with MS in remote rural areas than in urban areas were not receiving disease-modifying medications. Our results suggest that MS disease expression varies across urban-rural gradients. Although the findings are not definitive, we hope that other investigative groups will build on these results and work toward confirming and understanding them.

Download Full-text

Water for the Displaced Population's Health: An Urban-Rural Dichotomy Revisited

Refuge ◽

10.25071/1920-7336.22047 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

Alpaslan Özerdem ◽

Sultan Barakat

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Health Impacts ◽

Water Quantity ◽

Rural Settlements ◽

Displaced Populations ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Unsafe Water ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This paper is a review and analysis of the health impacts of inadequate and unsafe water supplies on displaced populations. The investigation focuses on the overall health implications of the current praxis of water supply recovery and reconstruction, which is often biased towards urban areas, neglecting the water needs of those living in rural areas. Having explored a series of water quantity and quality issues, and their inter-relationship to public health, by comparing urban and rural settlements in the Tuzla Region of Bosnia-Herzegovina, this paper concludes that the overall strategy of responding to water needs of displaced populations requires equal attention and care to both urban and rural areas.

Download Full-text

Mental Health of Preschool Children and their Mothers in a Mixed Urban/Rural Population

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.168.1.16 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 168 (1) ◽

pp. 16-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Margaret J. J. Thompson ◽

Jim Stevenson ◽

Edmund Sonuga-Barke ◽

Peter Nott ◽

Zam Bhatti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Child Behaviour ◽

Behaviour Problems ◽

Service Needs ◽

Mental Disturbance ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Activity Scale ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

BackgroundThe prevalence rate of behaviour problems and maternal mental disturbance was estimated using a sample of 1047 families with a 3-year-old child from a mixed urban/rural area.MethodParents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist, EAS Temperament Questionnaire, Weiss–Werry–Peters Activity Scale and the GHQ–30.ResultsThe rate of behaviour problems (13.2%) was similar to that obtained in studies of urban children. The rate of maternal disturbance (27.6%) was lower than in other population samples. Few differences were found in the prevalence rates in the urban and rural areas.ConclusionsPreschool children and their parents living in non-urban areas had the same rates of problems as those in conurbations. The service needs of such families are similar regardless of locality.

Download Full-text

Wage Premiums Across the Rural-Urban Continuum: What Constitutes a “Good Job”?

International Journal of Regional Development ◽

10.5296/ijrd.v4i2.11350 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 63

Author(s):

Bonnie Elizabeth Bounds

Keyword(s):

Population Size ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Size Class ◽

Wage Premiums ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urbanized Areas ◽

Us Counties ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Definition Of

Much like how beauty is in the eye of the beholder, there is no single definition of what constitutes a “good job.” What makes a given job “good” in relation to other jobs can differ in rural vs. urban areas: a job that pays relatively well compared to other available jobs in a rural area may not compare as favorably in more urbanized areas, and vice versa. While plenty of research has been done regarding wage differences in urban and rural areas, most studies have focused on how wages vary across the urban-rural continuum within specific jobs, with relatively little attention paid to how wage premiums can vary across occupations within particular communities. This study examines variations in wage premiums across five major occupational categories in metropolitan, micropolitan, and noncore US counties and tests whether population size and levels of education are good predictors of wage premiums in each size class. The results indicate that certain categories of occupations do pay relatively better or worse according to the degree of rurality, although population size and education were not exceptionally good at predicting wage premiums.

Download Full-text

Data Analysis of Land Use Change and Urban and Rural Impacts in Lagos State, Nigeria

Data ◽

10.3390/data5030072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Olalekan O. Onilude ◽

Eric Vaz

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Land Use Change ◽

Landscape Metrics ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Sustainable Land Use ◽

Lagos State ◽

Economic Trends ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

This study examines land use change and impacts on urban and rural activity in Lagos State, Nigeria. To achieve this, multi-temporal land use and land cover (LULC) datasets derived from the GlobeLand30 product of years 2000 and 2010 for urban and rural areas of Lagos State were imported into ArcMap 10.6 and converted to raster files (raster thematic maps) for spatial analysis in the FRAGSTATS situated in the Patch Analyst. Thus, different landscape metrics were computed to generate statistical results. The results have shown that fragmentation of cultivated lands increased in the rural areas but decreased in the urban areas. Also, the findings display that land-use change resulted in incremental fragmentation of forest in the urban areas, and reduction in the rural areas. The fragmentation measure of diversity increased in the urban areas, while it decreased in the rural areas during the period of study. These results suggest that cultivated land fragmentation is a complex process connected with socio-economic trends at regional and local levels. In addition, this study has shown that landscape metrics can be used to understand the spatial pattern of LULC change in an urban-rural context. Finally, the outcomes of this study will help the policymakers at the three levels of governments in Nigeria to make crucial informed decisions about sustainable land use.

Download Full-text

Urban-rural disparity in cancer mortality and changing trend in Tianjin, China, during 1999 and 2016

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/s12885-021-08907-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wenlong Zheng ◽

Hui Zhang ◽

Dezheng Wang ◽

Chong Wang ◽

Shuang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Cancer Mortality ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Registration System ◽

Total Cancer ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Changing Trend ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Increasing Trends ◽

Standardized Mortality Rate

Abstract Objective Compare the urban-rural disparity in cancer mortality and changing trend during the past 18 years in Tianjin, China. Methods Cancer death data were obtained from Tianjin All Cause of Death Registration System (CDRS), which covers the whole population of Tianjin. We calculated and compared the constituent ratio of cancer deaths, age-standardized mortality rate(ASR)and changing trends between urban and rural areas. Results From 1999 to 2016, a total of 245,744 cancer deaths were reported, accounting 21.7% of all deaths in Tianjin. The ASR of total cancer mortality was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. A total of 33,739 persons were avoided dying of cancers in rural area compared to the urban death level from 1999 to 2016, which was 40.1% compare to the current level of rural areas. But the gap between urban and rural areas became narrowed gradually. The urban-rural ratios (urban/rural) of total cancer mortality changed from 1.76 (125.7/71.5)[95%CI,1.67,1.84] in 1999 to 1.11 (99.6/90.0)[95%CI,1.06,1.15] in 2016. The ASR of lung, liver and esophagus cancer became higher in rural areas than in urban areas in 2016. Conclusion Cancer transition was obviously occurred in Tianjin and showed different speeds and big gap between urban and rural areas. Much more attention was needed to pay in rural areas which still have increasing trends in most cancers mortality recently.

Download Full-text