scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance and Genotypes of Nosocomial Strains of Acinetobacter baumannii in Kazakhstan

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 382
Author(s):  
Alyona Lavrinenko ◽  
Eugene Sheck ◽  
Svetlana Kolesnichenko ◽  
Ilya Azizov ◽  
Anar Turmukhambetova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Chromosomal Loci ◽  
Pcr Genotyping

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of A. baumannii antibiotic-resistant strains in Kazakhstan and to characterize genotypes related to epidemic “high-risk” clones. Two hundred and twenty four A. baumannii isolates from four cities of Kazakhstan in 2011–2019 were studied. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by using broth microdilutions method according to EUCAST (v 11.0) recommendations. The presence of blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24/40-like,blaOXA-58-like,blaVIM,blaIMP, and blaNDM genes was determined by PCR. Genotyping was performed using high-throughput real-time PCR detection of 21 SNPs at 10 chromosomal loci used in existing MLST schemes. Resistance rates to imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin were 81.3%, 78.6%, 79.9%, 65.2%, and 89.3%, respectively. No colistin resistant isolates were detected. The values of the MIC 50% and the MIC 90% of tigecycline were 0.125 mg/L, only four isolates (1.8%) had the ECOFF value >0.5 mg/L. The presence of acquired carbapenemase genes was found in 82.2% strains, including blaOXA-23-like (78.6%) or blaOXA-58-like (3.6%) genes. The spreading of carbapenem resistant A. baumannii strains in Kazakhstan was associated with epidemic “high-risk” clonal groups, predominantly, CG208(92)OXF/CG2PAS (80.8%) and less often CG231(109)OXF/CG1PAS (1.8%).

scholarly journals Evidence of Another Anthropic Impact on Iguana delicatissima from the Lesser Antilles: The Presence of Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteria

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Gustavo Di Lallo ◽  
Marco Maria D’Andrea ◽  
Samanta Sennati ◽  
Maria Cristina Thaller ◽  
Luciana Migliore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

The improper use of antibiotics by humans may promote the dissemination of resistance in wildlife. The persistence and spread of acquired antibiotic resistance and human-associated bacteria in the environment, while representing a threat to wildlife, can also be exploited as a tool to monitor the extent of human impact, particularly on endangered animal species. Hence, we investigated both the associated enterobacterial species and the presence of acquired resistance traits in the cloacal microbiota of the critically endangered lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima), by comparing two separate populations living in similar climatic conditions but exposed to different anthropic pressures. A combination of techniques, including direct plating, DNA sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing allowed us to characterize the dominant enterobacterial populations, the antibiotic resistant strains and their profiles. A higher frequency of Escherichia coli was found in the samples from the more anthropized site, where multi-drug resistant strains were also isolated. These results confirm how human-associated bacteria as well as their antibiotic-resistance determinants may be transferred to wildlife, which, in turn, may act as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Environmental and Pathogenic Carbapenem Resistant Bacteria Isolated from a Wastewater Treatment Plant Harbour Distinct Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1118
Author(s):  
Micaela Oliveira ◽  
Inês Carvalho Leonardo ◽  
Mónica Nunes ◽  
Ana Filipa Silva ◽  
Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Acquired Antibiotic Resistance

Wastewater treatment plants are important reservoirs and sources for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance into the environment. Here, two different groups of carbapenem resistant bacteria—the potentially environmental and the potentially pathogenic—were isolated from both the wastewater influent and discharged effluent of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant and characterized by whole genome sequencing and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Among the potentially environmental isolates, there was no detection of any acquired antibiotic resistance genes, which supports the idea that their resistance mechanisms are mainly intrinsic. On the contrary, the potentially pathogenic isolates presented a broad diversity of acquired antibiotic resistance genes towards different antibiotic classes, especially β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones. All these bacteria showed multiple β-lactamase-encoding genes, some with carbapenemase activity, such as the blaKPC-type genes found in the Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility testing assays performed on these isolates also revealed that all had a multi-resistance phenotype, which indicates that the acquired resistance is their major antibiotic resistance mechanism. In conclusion, the two bacterial groups have distinct resistance mechanisms, which suggest that the antibiotic resistance in the environment can be a more complex problematic than that generally assumed.

scholarly journals Whole Slide Imaging for High-Throughput Sensing Antibiotic Resistance at Single-Bacterium Level and Its Application to Rapid Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (13) ◽  
pp. 2441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghui Song ◽  
Haomin Liu ◽  
Huayi Ji ◽  
Yu Lei
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Whole Slide Imaging ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Since conventional culture-based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) methods are too time-consuming (typically 24–72 h), rapid AST is urgently needed for preventing the increasing emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant infections. Although several phenotypic antibiotic resistance sensing modalities are able to reduce the AST time to a few hours or less, concerning the biological heterogeneity, their accuracy or limit of detection are limited by low throughput. Here, we present a rapid AST method based on whole slide imaging (WSI)-enabled high-throughput sensing antibiotic resistance at single-bacterium level. The time for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was theoretically shortest, which ensures that the growth of each individual cell present in a large population is inhibited. As a demonstration, our technique was able to sense the growth of at least several thousand bacteria at single-cell level. Reliable MIC of Enterobacter cloacae against gentamicin was obtained within 1 h, while the gold standard broth dilution method required at least 16 h for the same result. In addition, the application of our method prevails over other imaging-based AST approaches in allowing rapid and accurate determination of antibiotic susceptibility for phenotypically heterogeneous samples, in which the number of antibiotic resistant cells was negligible compared to that of the susceptible cells. Hence, our method shows great promise for both rapid AST determination and point-of-care testing of complex clinical bacteria isolates.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria ESKAPE among Healthy People Estimated by Monitoring of Municipal Wastewater

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
Masateru Nishiyama ◽  
Susan Praise ◽  
Keiichi Tsurumaki ◽  
Hiroaki Baba ◽  
Hajime Kanamori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
General Population ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Wastewater Samples

There is increasing attention toward factors that potentially contribute to antibiotic resistance (AR), as well as an interest in exploring the emergence and occurrence of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB). We monitored six ARBs that cause hospital outbreaks in wastewater influent to highlight the presence of these ARBs in the general population. We analyzed wastewater samples from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) and hospital wastewater (HW) for six species of ARB: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteria (CARBA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteria (ESBL), multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter (MDRA), multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRP), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). We registered a high percentage of ARBs in MWWTP samples (>66%) for all ARBs except for MDRP, indicating a high prevalence in the population. Percentages in HW samples were low (<78%), and no VRE was detected throughout the study. CARBA and ESBL were detected in all wastewater samples, whereas MDRA and MRSA had a high abundance. This result demonstrated the functionality of using raw wastewater at MWWTP to monitor the presence and extent of ARB in healthy populations. This kind of surveillance will contribute to strengthening the efforts toward reducing ARBs through the detection of ARBs to which the general population is exposed.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Characterization and Transmission Dynamics of Antibiotic-Resistant Organisms in an ICU (LOCATE AROs)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s42-s43
Author(s):  
Kimberley Sukhum ◽  
Candice Cass ◽  
Meghan Wallace ◽  
Caitlin Johnson ◽  
Steven Sax ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Marrow Transplant ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Clonal Group ◽  
Communal Areas

Background: Healthcare-associated infections caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs) are a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality. To create and optimize infection prevention strategies, it is crucial to delineate the role of the environment and clinical infections. Methods: Over a 14-month period, we collected environmental samples, patient feces, and patient bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates in a newly built bone marrow transplant (BMT) intensive care unit (ICU). Samples were collected from 13 high-touch areas in the patient room and 4 communal areas. Samples were collected from the old BMT ICU, in the new BMT ICU before patients moved in, and for 1 year after patients moved in. Selective microbiologic culture was used to isolate AROs, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to determine clonality. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assays. Using linear mixed modeling, we compared ARO recovery across time and sample area. Results: AROs were collected and cultured from environmental samples, patient feces, and BSI isolates (Fig. 1a). AROs were found both before and after a patient entered the ICU (Fig. 1b). Sink drains had significantly more AROs recovered per sample than any other surface area (P < .001) (Fig. 1c). The most common ARO isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophila (Fig. 1d). The new BMT ICU had fewer AROs recovered per sample than the old BMT ICU (P < .001) and no increase in AROs recovered over the first year of opening (P > .05). Furthermore, there was no difference before versus after patients moved into the hospital (P > .05). Antibiotic susceptibility testing reveal that P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from the old ICU were resistant to more antibiotics than isolates recovered from the new ICU (Fig. 2a). ANI and clonal analyses of P. aeruginosa revealed a large cluster of clonal isolates (34 of 76) (Fig. 2b). This clonal group included isolates found before patients moved into the BMT ICU and patient blood isolates. Furthermore, this clonal group was initially found in only 1 room in the BMT ICU, and over 26 weeks, it was found in sink drains in all 6 rooms sampled (Fig. 2b). Conclusions: AROs are present before patients move into a new BMT ICU, and sink drains act as a reservoir for AROs over time. Furthermore, sink-drain P. aeruginosa isolates are clonally related to isolates found in patient BSIs. Overall, these results provide insight into ARO transmission dynamics in the hospital environment.Funding: Research reported in this publication was supported by the Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences grant UL1TR002345 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the NIH.Disclosures: None

A Microbiologic Approach to the Investigation of Bacterial Nosocomial Infection Outbreaks

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (06) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Goldmann ◽  
Ann B. Macone
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Infection Control Team ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
Bacteriocin Typing

This article details the appropriate microbiologic support that is critical to the successful investigation of nosocomial infection problems. The infection control team must have ready access to microbiologic data, and the laboratory should retain epidemiologically relevant bacterial isolates. Investigation of epidemics is facilitated by precise identification of bacteria and careful antibiotic susceptibility testing. In some situations, biotyping, serotyping, phage typing, bacteriocin typing, and other specialized techniques may be required. Plasmid analysis may be useful in the investigation of nosocomial infection problems caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals Macrolide-resistant phenotypes of invasive streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Serbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1377-1382
Author(s):  
Ina Gajic ◽  
Natasa Opavski ◽  
Vera Mijac ◽  
L. Ranin
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
National Reference ◽  
The Past ◽  
Triple Test ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has emerged as an important worldwide problem over the past decade. The aim of this study was to investigate macrolide-resistant phenotypes and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of invasive pneumococci in Serbia. A total of 68 invasive pneumococcal strains, collected from 2009 to 2011, were sent from regional laboratories to the National Reference Laboratory. Susceptibility testing was performed using the VITEK2 system and phenotypes were determined by triple-test. Overall penicillin and erythromycin nonsusceptibility rates were 26% and 43%, respectively. Resistance rates were higher in children than in adults. Co-resistance to penicillin and erythromycin was detected in 18% strains. Resistance rates to the third generation of cephalosporins, TMP-SXT and tetracycline were 16%, 37% and 29%, respectively. All isolates were fully susceptible to vancomycin, linezolid, fluoroquinolones, telithromycin and rifampicin. Twenty-two isolates (79%) an expressed macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance phenotype and M phenotype was found in 21% of macrolide resistant strains.

scholarly journals Wastewater disinfection by solar heterogeneous photocatalysis: effect on tetracycline resistant/sensitive Enterococcus strains

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
Wastewater Disinfection ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

<div> <p>Solar simulated heterogeneous photocatalysis (SSHP) with suspended TiO<sub>2</sub> was investigated in the inactivation of tetracycline resistant/sensitive <em>Enterococcus</em> (TRE/TSE) strains in the effluent of an urban wastewater treatment plant (UWTP). The effect of solar simulated disinfection (SSD) on the inactivation of the same <em>Enterococcus</em> strains was investigated as control. SSHP process (0.05 g l<sup>-1</sup> of TiO<sub>2</sub>) was found to be effective in the inactivation of both <em>Enterococcus</em> strains with total inactivation (~7 log unit) observed after 60 min of irradiation. On the contrary, SSD process did not show any significant inactivation after 90 min of irradiation. The effect of both processes on the antibiotic resistance phenotypes of the surviving enterococci was also evaluated. TRE cells surviving the SSHP treatment showed that disinfection process did not affect the antibiotic resistance pattern after 45 min irradiation. The same was observed for the TSE strain. Accordingly, antibiotic resistance can spread into the receiving water body when antibiotic resistant strains survive to disinfection process.</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Topical issues of inhaled antibacterial therapy of respiratory diseases in children

2018 ◽  
pp. 128-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Kolosova ◽  
A. B. Kolosova
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Outpatient Practice ◽  
Systemic Antibiotics

Despite the fact that acute respiratory infections have viral etiology, the frequency of antibiotic prescriptions accounts for more than 70% in outpatient practice. However, the preventive administration of systemic antibiotics does not reduce the duration of the disease and the incidence of bacterial complications. In addition, the irrational use of antibiotic therapy can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance of infectious disease pathogens. The global problem of antibiotic resistance is seen as a serious threat to public health, and therefore the systemic antibiotic restriction policy is crucial, which helps to reduce the formation of antibiotic-resistant strains of infectious agents. The possibility of using local antibacterial drugs enables optimization of antibiotic therapy and reduces the risk of the development of antibiotic resistance. The article discusses the issues of use of thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate in various diseases in children.

The changing epidemiology of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Italy: toward polyclonal evolution with emergence of high-risk lineages

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Di Pilato ◽  
Giulia Errico ◽  
Monica Monaco ◽  
Tommaso Giani ◽  
Maria Del Grosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Encoding Gene ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

Abstract Background Previous studies showed that the epidemic of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KP) observed in Italy since 2010 was sustained mostly by strains of clonal group (CG) 258 producing KPC-type carbapenemases. In the framework of the National Antibiotic-Resistance Surveillance (AR-ISS), a countrywide survey was conducted in 2016 to explore the evolution of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of CR-KP isolates. Methods From March to July 2016, hospital laboratories participating in AR-ISS were requested to provide consecutive, non-duplicated CR-KP (meropenem and/or imipenem MIC &gt;1 mg/L) from invasive infections. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined according to EUCAST recommendations. A WGS approach was adopted to characterize the isolates by investigating phylogeny, resistome and virulome. Results Twenty-four laboratories provided 157 CR-KP isolates, of which 156 were confirmed as K. pneumoniae sensu stricto by WGS and found to carry at least one carbapenemase-encoding gene, corresponding in most cases (96.1%) to blaKPC. MLST- and SNP-based phylogeny revealed that 87.8% of the isolates clustered in four major lineages: CG258 (47.4%), with ST512 as the most common clone, CG307 (19.9%), ST101 (15.4%) and ST395 (5.1%). A close association was identified between lineages and antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes, virulence traits and capsular types. Colistin resistance, mainly associated with mgrB mutations, was common in all major lineages except ST395. Conclusions This WGS-based survey showed that, although CG258 remained the most common CR-KP lineage in Italy, a polyclonal population has emerged with the spread of the new high-risk lineages CG307, ST101 and ST395, while KPC remained the most common carbapenemase.

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