A Microbiologic Approach to the Investigation of Bacterial Nosocomial Infection Outbreaks

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (06) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Goldmann ◽  
Ann B. Macone
Keyword(s):  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Infection Control Team ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
Bacteriocin Typing

This article details the appropriate microbiologic support that is critical to the successful investigation of nosocomial infection problems. The infection control team must have ready access to microbiologic data, and the laboratory should retain epidemiologically relevant bacterial isolates. Investigation of epidemics is facilitated by precise identification of bacteria and careful antibiotic susceptibility testing. In some situations, biotyping, serotyping, phage typing, bacteriocin typing, and other specialized techniques may be required. Plasmid analysis may be useful in the investigation of nosocomial infection problems caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Rapid electrochemical phenotypic profiling of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 2799-2807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin D. Besant ◽  
Edward H. Sargent ◽  
Shana O. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
On Chip

Concentrating bacteria in nanoliter culture chambers enables rapid electrochemical antibiotic susceptibility testing on-chip.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Characterization and Transmission Dynamics of Antibiotic-Resistant Organisms in an ICU (LOCATE AROs)

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s42-s43
Author(s):  
Kimberley Sukhum ◽  
Candice Cass ◽  
Meghan Wallace ◽  
Caitlin Johnson ◽  
Steven Sax ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Marrow Transplant ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Clonal Group ◽  
Communal Areas

Background: Healthcare-associated infections caused by antibiotic-resistant organisms (AROs) are a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality. To create and optimize infection prevention strategies, it is crucial to delineate the role of the environment and clinical infections. Methods: Over a 14-month period, we collected environmental samples, patient feces, and patient bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates in a newly built bone marrow transplant (BMT) intensive care unit (ICU). Samples were collected from 13 high-touch areas in the patient room and 4 communal areas. Samples were collected from the old BMT ICU, in the new BMT ICU before patients moved in, and for 1 year after patients moved in. Selective microbiologic culture was used to isolate AROs, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to determine clonality. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assays. Using linear mixed modeling, we compared ARO recovery across time and sample area. Results: AROs were collected and cultured from environmental samples, patient feces, and BSI isolates (Fig. 1a). AROs were found both before and after a patient entered the ICU (Fig. 1b). Sink drains had significantly more AROs recovered per sample than any other surface area (P < .001) (Fig. 1c). The most common ARO isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophila (Fig. 1d). The new BMT ICU had fewer AROs recovered per sample than the old BMT ICU (P < .001) and no increase in AROs recovered over the first year of opening (P > .05). Furthermore, there was no difference before versus after patients moved into the hospital (P > .05). Antibiotic susceptibility testing reveal that P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from the old ICU were resistant to more antibiotics than isolates recovered from the new ICU (Fig. 2a). ANI and clonal analyses of P. aeruginosa revealed a large cluster of clonal isolates (34 of 76) (Fig. 2b). This clonal group included isolates found before patients moved into the BMT ICU and patient blood isolates. Furthermore, this clonal group was initially found in only 1 room in the BMT ICU, and over 26 weeks, it was found in sink drains in all 6 rooms sampled (Fig. 2b). Conclusions: AROs are present before patients move into a new BMT ICU, and sink drains act as a reservoir for AROs over time. Furthermore, sink-drain P. aeruginosa isolates are clonally related to isolates found in patient BSIs. Overall, these results provide insight into ARO transmission dynamics in the hospital environment.Funding: Research reported in this publication was supported by the Washington University Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences grant UL1TR002345 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the NIH.Disclosures: None

scholarly journals Emerging Microtechnologies and Automated Systems for Rapid Bacterial Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyan Li ◽  
Xing Yang ◽  
Weian Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Representative Point ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Bacterial Identification ◽  
Automated Systems

Rapid bacterial identification (ID) and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) are in great demand due to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria. Conventional culture-based AST methods suffer from a long turnaround time. By necessity, physicians often have to treat patients empirically with antibiotics, which has led to an inappropriate use of antibiotics, an elevated mortality rate and healthcare costs, and antibiotic resistance. Recent advances in miniaturization and automation provide promising solutions for rapid bacterial ID/AST profiling, which will potentially make a significant impact in the clinical management of infectious diseases and antibiotic stewardship in the coming years. In this review, we summarize and analyze representative emerging micro- and nanotechnologies, as well as automated systems for bacterial ID/AST, including both phenotypic (e.g., microfluidic-based bacterial culture, and digital imaging of single cells) and molecular (e.g., multiplex PCR, hybridization probes, nanoparticles, synthetic biology tools, mass spectrometry, and sequencing technologies) methods. We also discuss representative point-of-care (POC) systems that integrate sample processing, fluid handling, and detection for rapid bacterial ID/AST. Finally, we highlight major remaining challenges and discuss potential future endeavors toward improving clinical outcomes with rapid bacterial ID/AST technologies.

scholarly journals Detection of pathogenic bacteria associated with earphones used by students of Stamford University Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Omor Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Md Raihan Ahmed ◽  
Md Raihan Dipu ◽  
Md Aftab Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The use of earphones has increased in recent times throughout the world especially among the different level of students such as school, college or university who have a higher tendency of sharing these among them. Unlike airline headsets, headphones and stethoscope ear-pieces, ear phones are often shared by multiple users and can be a potential medium for transmission of pathogens, which can give rise to various ear related infections. The objective of this study was to detect the pathogenic bacteria from the ear-phones used by the students of Stamford University Bangladesh. A total of 16 ear-phone swabs were collected by sterile cotton swabs. The swabs were inoculated onto blood agar and incubated aerobically overnight at 37oC. Microscopic observation and standard biochemical tests were performed to confirm the identification of all the bacterial isolates. Six presumptively identified Staphylococcus spp. (38%) were tested against six different types of antibiotics following Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates were found to be 84% resistant against Cotrimoxazole and demonstrated 100% sensitivity to Vancomycin and Ciprorofloxacin. The findings of this study suggest the users to disinfect their respective ear phones and not to exchange them as they may act as a potential source to transfer pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria among the ear phone users. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 1-4

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Resistant Bacteria from Petroleum Producing Vicinity by Gene Amplification and Sequencing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
O. Aleruchi ◽  
O. Obire
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms

This investigation focuses on molecular identification of antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from petroleum producing vicinity using 16S rRNA sequencing based technique. The bacterial 16s rRNA gene sequences were amplified using polymerase chain reaction, sequenced,  characterized and compared by using primers which has been compared to national center for biotechnology information (NCBI) sequence database. The presence of the plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance determinants CTX-M and QNRB genes in the bacterial isolates were analyzed. A total of four bacterial isolates that were resistant to all the antibiotic agents used were identified molecularly. The BLAST results showed 100 % similarity and phylogenetic study indicated that the genes were evolutionarily related to Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas xiamenensis, Chryseobacterium cucumeris and Staphylococcus sp., respectively. The genes obtained were submitted to the NCBI gene bank and were assigned accession number; MN094330, MN094331, MN094332 and MN094333, respectively. CTX-M and QNRB genes were however absent in the bacterial isolates. The result identified some peculiar abilities of the bacterial isolates to be resistant to antibiotics and suggests a correlation with resistance and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. The level of resistance could be as a result of the disinfection process during wastewater treatment procedure or the same adaptive mechanisms possessed by the isolates to control the hydrocarbon concentration in their cell. The study also clearly indicates that these wastewaters, when discharged into the environment directly may pose a risk for the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Transferable drug resistance in bacteria from fish-farm sediments

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1061-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth-Anne Sandaa ◽  
Vigdis Lid Torsvik ◽  
Jostein Goksøyr
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Direct Cell

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were isolated from sediment samples collected beneath two fish farms west of Bergen (Norway). The samples were collected just after the fish had been treated with oxytetracycline. Eighty-four bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to antibacterial agents. Most of the isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline, kanamycin, and sulfamethoxazole. Transferable plasmid-related resistance was shown by direct cell transfer and agarose gel electrophoresis. Among 34 multiple-resistant isolates, 7 isolates were able to transfer resistance to Escherichia coli HB101. Phenotypical characterization indicated that these seven isolates belonged to the genera Vibrio and Pseudomonas. The results indicate that sediments beneath fish farms may serve as a reservoir for transferable antimicrobial resistance genes. Key words: drug resistance, gene transfer, marine sediment bacteria.

scholarly journals Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Resistance Determinants, and Mobile Elements in Surface Waters in Lebanon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Moussa ◽  
Edmond Abboud ◽  
Sima Tokajian
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
Bacterial Contaminants ◽  
Plasmid Analysis

AbstractThe prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in surface water in Lebanon is a growing concern and understanding the mechanisms of the spread of resistance determinants is essential. We aimed at studying the occurrence of resistant organisms and determinants in surface water sources in Lebanon and understanding their mobilization and transmission. Water samples were collected from five major rivers in Lebanon. 91 isolates were recovered out of which 25 were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and accordingly were further characterized. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most commonly identified MDR isolates. Conjugation assays coupled with in silico plasmid analysis were performed and validated using PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) to identify and confirm incompatibility groups and the localization of β-lactamase encoding genes. E. coli EC23 carried a blaNDM-5 gene on a conjugative, multireplicon plasmid, while blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1B were detected in the majority of the MDR isolates. Different ST types were identified including the highly virulent E. coli ST131. Our results showed a common occurrence of bacterial contaminants in surface water and an increase in the risk for the dissemination of resistance determinants exacerbated with the ongoing intensified population mobility in Lebanon and the widespread lack of wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Microbial Reduction Potential of Chlorine and its Contribution to Incidence of Stress Response Genes in Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-131
Author(s):  
Busayo Mutiat Olowe ◽  
Olufunke Adelegan
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Stress Response Genes

Background: The quest for potability of drinking water in various homes led to the widely use of chlorine or chlorine compound in treatment of water. Which however has contributed to increasing incidences of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the microbial reduction potential and contribution of Sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, to incidence of stress response genes in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Study Design: Experimental Design was adopted in this study Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out at the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University between October, 2019 and February, 2020. Methodology: Sixteen (16) different water samples were randomly collected from various homes in Ajilosun, Ado-Ekiti and were chlorinated following manufacturer’s instruction. Microbial load of both raw and chlorinated water was determined using standard pour plate technique. Standard streaking method was used to isolate bacteria from chlorinated water samples. Standard CLSI technique was used to test the sensitivity of isolates to different antibiotics and PCR technique was employed to detect stress response genes (RpoS, RpoN, KatF genes) in multiple antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. Results: The result showed 24% and 52% reduction in the microbial load of well and pipe-borne water samples respectively following treatment with NaOCl for 180 sec. The different identified bacterial isolates recovered from chlorinated water samples included Enterobacter aerogenes (7.14 %), Proteus vulgaris (10.71 %), Escherichia coli (25 %), Bacillus cereus (32.14 %), Bacillus licheniformis (14.29 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.70 %). The bacterial isolates demonstrated varying resistance pattern to the different antibiotics. RpoS, RpoN and KatF genes encoding stress responses were detected in some of the tested antibiotic-resistant isolates. Conclusion: The study therefore stresses the importance of chlorination in contributing to increasing incidence of resistance of bacteria to stressors in the environment. Hence, subverting chlorination efficacy in treatment of water.

scholarly journals Investigation of the environmental presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria at small animal hospitals in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ádám Kerek ◽  
Ágnes Sterczer ◽  
Zoltán Somogyi ◽  
Dóra Kovács ◽  
Ákos Jerzsele
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

AbstractMultidrug-resistant bacteria can cause severe nosocomial infections in both human and veterinary clinics. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and antibiotic susceptibility of Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas strains at four small animal clinics of Hungary in 2018, as these bacteria can reliably represent the level of antimicrobial resistance in the investigated environment. A total of 177 Staphylococcus colonies were found, including 22 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 13 Staphylococcus aureus. As regards enterococci, 9 Enterococcus faecium, 2 E. faecalis and further 286 Enterococcus strains were isolated. The number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (n = 34) was considered too low for relevant susceptibility testing. Among staphylococci, the highest resistance was found to sulphamethoxazole (82.9%), penicillin (65.7%) and erythromycin (54.3%), while in the case of enterococci, resistance to norfloxacin and rifampicin was the most common, with 25.5% of the strains being resistant to both antibiotics. Ten methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and six vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) strains could be identified. Only 5.7% of the Staphylococcus isolates were susceptible to all tested agents, while this ratio was 36.2% among enterococci. The results of this study have revealed a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Hungarian small animal clinics, which highlights the importance of regular disinfection processes and stringent hygiene measures in veterinary clinics.

scholarly journals Potential Role of Door Handles in the Spread of Drug Resistant Bacteria in Makerere University.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Immaculate Nabawanuka
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Makerere University

Background: The transmission of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria is still a threat. One of the potential sources of bacterial diseases is the door handles. This study aimed at isolating, identifying bacteria, determining total bacterial load, and determining antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria obtained from door handles in Makerere university. Methodology:  A total of 60 samples randomly scattered within the university were swabbed and analyzed for bacterial growth. Samples were inoculated on MacConkey and blood agar and then incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. All sample isolates were sub cultured and identified based on macro and micromorphology, and standard biochemical tests. The establishment of the total bacterial load was done using the standard plate count method. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the disc diffusion method on Muller Hilton agar. Results: The following bacterial species and genera were obtained from door handles, staphylococcus aureus (30.8%), Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (12.0%), Streptococcus species (24.2%), Escherichia coli (7.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.3%), bacilli species (11.0%). The study showed that there was a significant difference in the prevalence of bacilli species (p= 0.017) and E. coli (p= 0.015) among the study group. The results from total bacterial count indicated that toilet door handles had the highest bacterial load compared to office door handles and classrooms. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of isolates showed that all bacteria were resistant and intermediately resistant to commonly used antibiotics except for Escherichia coli that was susceptible to amoxicillin Conclusion and recommendations: The study reveals that door handles are a considerable source of pathogenic bacteria thus play a major role in the transmission of diseases caused by such bacteria. Further studies could be done and different study groups could be included for example routinely opened doors and the doors which are not routinely opened.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document