scholarly journals Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Escherichia coli between Pristine and Human-Impacted Sites in a River

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 575
Author(s):  
Emi Nishimura ◽  
Masateru Nishiyama ◽  
Kei Nukazawa ◽  
Yoshihiro Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Downstream Site ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Upstream Site ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Significant Difference

Information on the actual existence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in rivers where sewage, urban wastewater, and livestock wastewater do not load is essential to prevent the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water environments. This study compared the antibiotic resistance profile of Escherichia coli upstream and downstream of human habitation. The survey was conducted in the summer, winter, and spring seasons. Resistance to one or more antibiotics at upstream and downstream sites was on average 18% and 20%, respectively, and no significant difference was observed between the survey sites. The resistance rates at the upstream site (total of 98 isolated strains) to each antibiotic were cefazolin 17%, tetracycline 12%, and ampicillin 8%, in descending order. Conversely, for the downstream site (total of 89 isolated strains), the rates were ampicillin 16%, cefazolin 16%, and tetracycline 1% in descending order. The resistance rate of tetracycline in the downstream site was significantly lower than that of the upstream site. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed that many strains showed different resistance profiles even in the same cluster of the Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern. Moreover, the resistance profiles differed in the same cluster of the upstream and the downstream sites. In flowing from the upstream to the downstream site, it is plausible that E. coli transmitted or lacked the antibiotic resistance gene.

scholarly journals Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. Isolated from Street-Vended Beverages

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Shahara Zulfakar ◽  
Noraziah Mohamad Zin ◽  
Siti Nur Shafika Mat Zalami ◽  
Nur Syakirah Mohd Nawawee
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Mar Index

The risk of foodborne diseases as well as the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria increases with the consumption of street-vended food and beverages. This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. in street-vended beverages sold in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to identify the antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. isolates towards 11 selected antibiotics. Six beverage samples were found positive for presumptive Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. Upon confirmation via Microgen kit and PCR biochemical testing methods, only one isolate was confirmed to be Salmonella enterica serovar Derby while the other isolates were identified as Citrobacter spp. (n= 12; 2 isolates from each positive beverage sample). The antibiogram test showed that 58.3%, 16.7%, and 8.3% of the strains tested were resistance to tetracycline, cephalexin, and ampicillin respectively, while all isolates were fully resistant toward penicillin and erythromycin. The isolate with the highest MAR index (0.45) was S231, with resistance to five of the tested antibiotics (penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalexin, and ampicillin). Seven isolates had a MAR index of 0.27 and were resistant to three antibiotics, while the remaining four isolates had the lowest MAR index (0.18) and were resistant to only two antibiotics. This study shows that street-vended beverages have a high risk of spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria to the public and that Citrobacter spp. should be considered as emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria in the food production system.

Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in Raw Milk and Ability of Some to Transfer Antibiotic Resistance to Escherichia coli

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 950-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
LESTER HANKIN ◽  
GEORGE H. LACY ◽  
GEORGE R. STEPHENS ◽  
WALTER F. DILLMAN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Neomycin Sulfate

Raw milk samples were examined for number and percentage of bacteria resistant to seven antibiotics: penicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, neomycin sulfate, polymyxin B sulfate, tetracycline and streptomycin sulfate. A significant negative correlation was found between the total aerobic count of the milk sample and the concentration (above 5 or 10% of the total count) of bacteria in each milk resistant to each of the antibiotics tested. Three of 42 gram-negative isolates were capable of transferring their antibiotic resistance to Escherichia coli. Substantial numbers of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in raw milk were found and some survived pasteurization. Inspection of farms failed to indicate a relationship between farm practices or use of antibiotics in feed or as pharmaceuticals and number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the raw milk.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Nigerian Fermented Food Condiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Okafor Chibuanuli M ◽  
Ikegbunam Moses N ◽  
Nwachukwu Judith C ◽  
Ebenebe Ijeoma N ◽  
Nnanna Joy C
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Contaminated Food

Food borne diseases remain a growing public health problem gotten through the consumption of contaminated food and water. A world health organization report, 2015 estimated 600million episodes of illness due to contaminated food worldwide. Amongst all age groups, Africa bore the greatest burden of diarrhoeal diseases. Gram-negative bacteria have become a significant challenge to the control of infection as a result of acquisition of antibiotic resistant genes. This is especially of concern in Nigeria where fermented condiments are important part of daily meals and sometimes consumed without cooking. This work thus identifies Gram negative bacteria from fermented condiments and evaluates the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacterial isolates. The fermented condiments- Iru (Parkia biglobosa) (67), Ogiri-igbo (Ricinus communis) (58), Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) (22) and Okpei (Prosopis africana) (42), were obtained from markets in Abuja, Gboko, Lokoja, Okenne, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ijebu-Ode, Ilorin, Lagos, Ondo and Ore. Coliform and faecal coliform test was done. Isolation of the Gram-negative bacteria was done using MacConkey agar. Taxonomic studies were carried out on the isolated Gram negative bacteria. Determination of antibiotic resistance profile of the Gram-negative bacteria was done by disc diffusion method. Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) samples had the highest percentage occurrence of coliforms (100%). Faecal coliform were more prevalent in Ukpaka (20%) and Iru (16.67%). Klebsiella pneumonia was prevalent in the 3 of the fermented condiments (Iru, Ogiri and Ukpaka). Escherichia coli was the most frequent Gram-negative bacteria in Okpei samples. The relatively high recovery rates of Gram-negative bacteria shows possible contamination of fermented condiments by human pathogens. The isolates from Ukpaka showed the highest resistance (55.3%) to Cotrimoxazole. The effect of the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics could be transmission of resistant strains from farm to house, treatment failure and a limited choice of antibiotics used for treatment. 

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Nigerian Fermented Food Condiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Okafor Chibuanuli M ◽  
Ikegbunam Moses N ◽  
Nwachukwu Judith C ◽  
Ebenebe Ijeoma N ◽  
Nnanna Joy C
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Contaminated Food

Food borne diseases remain a growing public health problem gotten through the consumption of contaminated food and water. A world health organization report, 2015 estimated 600million episodes of illness due to contaminated food worldwide. Amongst all age groups, Africa bore the greatest burden of diarrhoeal diseases. Gram-negative bacteria have become a significant challenge to the control of infection as a result of acquisition of antibiotic resistant genes. This is especially of concern in Nigeria where fermented condiments are important part of daily meals and sometimes consumed without cooking. This work thus identifies Gram negative bacteria from fermented condiments and evaluates the antibiotic resistance profile of the bacterial isolates. The fermented condiments- Iru (Parkia biglobosa) (67), Ogiri-igbo (Ricinus communis) (58), Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) (22) and Okpei (Prosopis africana) (42), were obtained from markets in Abuja, Gboko, Lokoja, Okenne, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Ijebu-Ode, Ilorin, Lagos, Ondo and Ore. Coliform and faecal coliform test was done. Isolation of the Gram-negative bacteria was done using MacConkey agar. Taxonomic studies were carried out on the isolated Gram negative bacteria. Determination of antibiotic resistance profile of the Gram-negative bacteria was done by disc diffusion method. Ukpaka (Pentaclethra macrophylla) samples had the highest percentage occurrence of coliforms (100%). Faecal coliform were more prevalent in Ukpaka (20%) and Iru (16.67%). Klebsiella pneumonia was prevalent in the 3 of the fermented condiments (Iru, Ogiri and Ukpaka). Escherichia coli was the most frequent Gram-negative bacteria in Okpei samples. The relatively high recovery rates of Gram-negative bacteria shows possible contamination of fermented condiments by human pathogens. The isolates from Ukpaka showed the highest resistance (55.3%) to Cotrimoxazole. The effect of the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics could be transmission of resistant strains from farm to house, treatment failure and a limited choice of antibiotics used for treatment.

scholarly journals Repeated Isolation of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Positive Escherichia coli Sequence Types 648 and 131 from Community Wastewater Indicates that Sewage Systems Are Important Sources of Emerging Clones of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Paulshus ◽  
Kaisa Thorell ◽  
Jessica Guzman-Otazo ◽  
Enrique Joffre ◽  
Patricia Colque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Pump Station ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACT Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an emerging problem globally. Resistant bacteria are found in human and animal microbiota, as well as in the environment. Wastewater receives bacteria from all these sources and thus can provide a measurement of abundance and diversity of antibiotic-resistant bacteria circulating in communities. In this study, water samples were collected from a wastewater pump station in a Norwegian suburban community over a period of 15 months. A total of 45 daily samples were cultured and analyzed for the presence of Escherichia coli. Eighty E. coli-like colonies were collected from each daily sample and then phenotyped and analyzed for antibiotic resistance using the PhenePlate-AREB system. During the sampling period, two unique E. coli phenotypes with resistance to cefotaxime and cefpodoxime indicating carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were observed repeatedly. Whole-genome sequencing of 15 representative isolates from the two phenotypes identified these as two distinct clones belonging to the two globally spread E. coli multilocus sequence types (STs) ST131 and ST648 and carrying blaCTX-M-15. The number of ESBL-positive E. coli strains in the community wastewater pump station was 314 of 3,123 (10%) analyzed E. coli strains. Of the ESBL-positive isolates, 37% belonged to ST648, and 7% belonged to ST131. Repeated findings of CTX-M-15-positive ST648 and ST131 over time indicate that these STs are resident in the analyzed wastewater systems and/or circulate abundantly in the community.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Rearing Seawater

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1841
Author(s):  
Thanaporn Chuen-Im ◽  
Korapan Sawetsuwannakun ◽  
Pimmnapar Neesanant ◽  
Nakarin Kitkumthorn
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Resistant Isolate ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Increased Risk

Antibiotic resistance of microorganisms is a serious health problem for both humans and animals. Infection of these bacteria may result in therapy failure, leading to high mortality rates. During an early intervention program process, the Sea Turtle Conservation Center of Thailand (STCCT) has faced high mortality rates due to bacterial infection. Previously, investigation of juvenile turtle carcasses found etiological agents in tissue lesions. Further determination of sea water in the turtle holding tanks revealed a prevalence of these causative agents in water samples, implying association of bacterial isolates in rearing water and infection in captive turtles. In this study, we examined the antibiotic resistance of bacteria in seawater from the turtle holding tank for a management plan of juvenile turtles with bacterial infection. The examination was carried out in three periods: 2015 to 2016, 2018, and 2019. The highest isolate numbers were resistant to beta-lactam, whilst low aminoglycoside resistance rates were observed. No gentamicin-resistant isolate was detected. Seventy-nine isolates (71.17%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Consideration of resistant bacterial and antibiotic numbers over three sampling periods indicated increased risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to sea turtle health. Essentially, this study emphasizes the importance of antibiotic-resistant bacterial assessment in rearing seawater for sea turtle husbandry.

scholarly journals On-Site Pilot Testing of Hospital Wastewater Ozonation to Reduce Pharmaceutical Residues and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 684
Author(s):  
Sofia Svebrant ◽  
Robert Spörndly ◽  
Richard H. Lindberg ◽  
Therese Olsen Sköldstam ◽  
Jim Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
High Flow ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hospital Sewage

Hospital sewage constitutes an important point source for antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the high antibiotic use. Antibiotic resistance can develop and cause problems in sewage systems within hospitals and municipal wastewater treatment plants, thus, interventions to treat hospital sewage on-site are important. Ozonation has proven effective in treating relatively clean wastewater, but the effect on untreated wastewater is unclear. Therefore, we piloted implementation of ozonation to treat wastewater in a tertiary hospital in Uppsala, Sweden. We measured active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae using selective culturing pre- and post-ozonation. Comparing low (1 m3/h) and high (2 m3/h) flow, we obtained a ‘dose-dependent’ effect of API reduction (significant reduction of 12/29 APIs using low and 2/29 APIs using high flow, and a mean reduction of antibiotics of 41% using low vs. 6% using high flow, 25% vs. 6% for all APIs). There was no significant difference in the amount of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteiaceae pre- and post-ozonation. Our results demonstrate that ozonation of untreated wastewater can reduce API content. However, due to the moderate API decrease and numerous practical challenges in the on-site setting, this specific ozonation system is not suitable to implement at full scale in our hospital.

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