Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Three Artemisia Species against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of Mango

Post-harvest diseases of mango reduce fruit quality and cause severe yield losses with completely unmarketable fruits. The most common diseases of mangos are anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). In this study, the antibacterial activities of essential oils from Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia lavandulaefolia, and Artemisia annua against C. gloeosporioides were tested. The results showed that the essential oil of A. scoparia was more effective by the agar diffusion method; the EC50 value was 9.32 µL/mL. The inhibition rate was 100%, at a concentration of 10 μL/mL, through the spore germination method. The morphological changes of the mycelium were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mycelia treated with essential oils showed shrinking, deformity, fracture, and dryness through SEM. A. scoparia essential oil was inoculated in vivo and subjected to paroxysm testing under natural conditions. A. scoparia had significantly inhibitory activity, and the inhibition rate was 66.23% in vivo inoculation tests after 10 days. The inhibition rate was 92.06% in the paroxysm test under natural conditions after 15 days. Finally, A. acoparia essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds were 2-ethenyl-Naphthalene (23.5%), 2,4-pentadiynyl-Benzene (11.8%), 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-Benzene (10.0%), β-Pinene (8.0%), and 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-Cyclohexadiene (6.3%). The results have revealed the potential use of A. scoparia essential oil against post-harvest fungal pathogens C. gloeosporioides.

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Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils on Selected Weeds: Potential Hazard on Food Crops

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants7040079 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

María Ibáñez ◽

María Blázquez

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Food Crops ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Spectrometry Analysis

The chemical composition of winter savory, peppermint, and anise essential oils, and in vitro and in vivo phytotoxic activity against weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Lolium multiflorum, and Echinochloa crus-galli) and food crops (maize, rice, and tomato), have been studied. Sixty-four compounds accounting for between 97.67–99.66% of the total essential oils were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. Winter savory with carvacrol (43.34%) and thymol (23.20%) as the main compounds produced a total inhibitory effect against the seed germination of tested weed. Menthol (48.23%), menthone (23.33%), and iso-menthone (16.33%) from peppermint only showed total seed germination inhibition on L. multiflorum, whereas no significant effects were observed with trans-anethole (99.46%) from anise at all concentrations (0.125–1 µL/mL). Low doses of peppermint essential oil could be used as a sustainable alternative to synthetic agrochemicals to control L. multiflorum. The results corroborate that in vivo assays with a commercial emulsifiable concentrate need higher doses of the essential oils to reproduce previous in vitro trials. The higher in vivo phytotoxicity of winter savory essential oil constitutes an eco-friendly and less pernicious alternative to weed control. It is possible to achieve a greater in vivo phytotoxicity if less active essential oil like peppermint is included with other active excipients.

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Volatile Compounds and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Selected Citrus Essential Oils Originated from Nepal

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26216683 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (21) ◽

pp. 6683

Author(s):

Devi Prasad Bhandari ◽

Darbin Kumar Poudel ◽

Prabodh Satyal ◽

Karan Khadayat ◽

Sital Dhami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Citrus Species ◽

Citrus Peel ◽

Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities

Citrus species of plants are among the most commercially cultivated crops, mainly for their fruit. Besides, the generally consumed flesh inside the fruit, the peel is quite important too. Essential oils extracted from the peel have a history of being used by humankind for centuries. These essential oils are rich in antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Comparative investigation of volatile constituents, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were undertaken. The essential oils were evaluated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and enantiomeric composition by chiral GC–MS. Similarly, the antioxidant properties were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, and antimicrobial activities were assayed using the disk diffusion method. The highest extraction yield of 1.83% was observed in Citrus sinensis Osbeck. GC–MS analysis showed limonene (63.76–89.15%), γ-terpinene (0.24–6.43%), β-pinene (0.15–6.09%), linalool (0.35–3.5%), sabinene (0.77–2.17%), myrcene (0.74–1.75%), α-terpineol (0.28–1.15%), and α-pinene (0.2–0.58%) as the major constituents of the essential oil of the Citrus species studied. For the first time, through our study, chiral terpenoids have been observed from Citrus grandis Osbeck essential oil. The order of antioxidant activity is as follows: Citrus grandis Osbeck red flesh > Citrus reticulata Blanco > Citrus sinensis Osbeck > Citrus grandis Osbeck white flesh. Except for Citrus grandis Osbeck white flesh (52.34 µL/mL), all samples demonstrated stronger antioxidant activities than those of the positive control, quercetin (5.60 µL/mL). Therefore, these essential oils can be used as a safe natural antioxidant to prevent product oxidation. Likewise, citrus peel essential oil showed antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial strains, albeit marginal.

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Antimicrobial Activity and Analysis of the Essential Oils of Selected Endemic Edible Apiaceae Plants Root from Caspian Hyrcanian Region (North of Iran)

Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.15171/ps.2019.21 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 138-144

Author(s):

Azadeh Hamedi ◽

Ardalan Pasdaran ◽

Arsalan Pasdaran

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Fatty Acid Esters ◽

Herbal Remedies ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Root Essential Oil

Background: Different endemic species of Apiaceae that widely grow in Hyrcanian region have long been used as spices and herbal remedies. Chemical compositions and bioactivity of many of these plants have not been studied scientifically. The volatile constituents and antimicrobial activity of four edible Apiaceae plants—Elaeosticta glaucescens Boiss, Malabaila secacul (Mill.) Boiss, Caucalis platycarpos L., and Eryngium caucasicum Trautv—roots were investigated. Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC–FID) methods were used for chemical investigation. Antimicrobial potential of the volatile compositions of these roots were investigated using the disc diffusion method on four microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. Results: The best minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of these species were revealed for B. subtilis and S. aureus (500 µg/mL for MIC and MBC) followed by E. caucasicum and C. platycarpus, respectively. The main compounds of E. caucasicum root essential oil were hexyl isovalerate (11.0%) and hexyl valerate (10.1%). E. glaucescens root essential oil was mainly composed of 3(10)-caren-4-ol, acetoacetic acid ester (9.8%), octyl isovalerate (8.9%), and octyl acetate (5.7%). In C. platycarpos root, hexyl isovalerate (9.2%) and n-octyl isobutyrate (8.5%) were constituted the major compositions of the essential oil while n-hexyl isobutyrate (8.5%) and hexyl hexanoate (7.8%) were predominant compounds in M. secacul. Conclusion: The essential oils of E. caucasicum and C. platycarpus roots were contained high amount of short chain fatty acid esters (SCFAE) and trans- pinocarvyl acetate. They exhibited moderate antibacterial activity.

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Evaluation of the phytochemical content and the use of the essential oil from the leaves of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus (lour) spreng as antimalarial in vivo

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v15i1.1276 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Norazsida Ramli ◽

Pakeer Oothuman ◽

Muhammad Taher

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Major Chemical ◽

Plectranthus Amboinicus ◽

Total Oil

Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical contents and antimalarial properties of the essential oils extracted from the leaves of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Methods: The essential oils were extracted and prepared by using a steam distillation technique and subjected to phytochemical screening by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimalarial activity of different extract doses of the essential oil was tested in vivo in ICR (Instritute of Cancer Research) mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (PZZ1/100) during early, established and residual infections. The control groups were treated with distilled water (containing 10% DMSO, the solvent of the test extracts) and 2 standard drugs: chloroquine and Fansidar. Results: In all, 5 compounds made up 88.34% of total oil and the major chemical compounds were carvacrol (85.14%), thymoquinone (1.65%), terpinen-4-ol (0.70%), octenol (0.62%) and thymol (0.23%). Antimalarial assay showed this essential oil as a potential prophylactic agent with the percentage chemosuppression of 45.23%, 18.28%, 45.38% and 58.26%, while treated with 50, 200, 400 and 1000 µL/kg respectively of essential oil. It also showed a potential as a curative agent with percentage of chemosuppression of 54.10%, 47.35%, 56.75% and 65.38% while treated with the above dose of essential oil. Statistically, no reduction of parasitemia was calculated for suppressive test. Conclusions: The extract has prophylactic and curative effects on P.berghei in mice.

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Essential Oils of Sage, Rosemary, and Bay Laurel Inhibit the Life Stages of Oomycete Pathogens Important in Aquaculture

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081676 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1676

Author(s):

Anđela Miljanović ◽

Dorotea Grbin ◽

Dora Pavić ◽

Maja Dent ◽

Igor Jerković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Inhibition Assay ◽

Growth Inhibition Assay ◽

Aphanomyces Astaci

Saprolegnia parasitica, the causative agent of saprolegniosis in fish, and Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of crayfish plague, are oomycete pathogens that cause economic losses in aquaculture. Since toxic chemicals are currently used to control them, we aimed to investigate their inhibition by essential oils of sage, rosemary, and bay laurel as environmentally acceptable alternatives. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that the essential oils tested were rich in bioactive volatiles, mainly monoterpenes. Mycelium and zoospores of A. astaci were more sensitive compared to those of S. parasitica, where only sage essential oil completely inhibited mycelial growth. EC50 values (i.e., concentrations of samples at which the growth was inhibited by 50%) for mycelial growth determined by the radial growth inhibition assay were 0.031–0.098 µL/mL for A. astaci and 0.040 µL/mL for S. parasitica. EC50 values determined by the zoospore germination inhibition assay were 0.007–0.049 µL/mL for A. astaci and 0.012–0.063 µL/mL for S. parasitica. The observed inhibition, most pronounced for sage essential oil, could be partly due to dominant constituents of the essential oils, such as camphor, but more likely resulted from a synergistic effect of multiple compounds. Our results may serve as a basis for in vivo experiments and the development of environmentally friendly methods to control oomycete pathogens in aquaculture.

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Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Leaf and Twig Essential Oils of Magnolia hypolampra Growing in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang Province of Vietnam

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x19860370 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1986037

Author(s):

Chu T.T. Ha ◽

Tran H. Thai ◽

Nguyen T. Hien ◽

Ha T.V. Anh ◽

Le N. Diep ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Nature Reserve ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Test Microorganism

The leaf and twig essential oils of Magnolia hypolampra, growing wild in Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang province of Vietnam, were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The oil yield calculated on a dry weight basis from leaves of M. hypolampra was very high (1.62%, v/w), while that from twigs was much lower (0.07%, v/w). The essential oils were dominated by monoterpenoids (74.3% and 84.8%) and sesquiterpenoids (24.4% and 13.3%) with β-pinene (36.5% and 41.3%), α-pinene (23.7% and 24.4%), and germacrene D (14.6% and 5.8%) as respective major components. Antibiotic activity of the essential oil samples was tested against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, and yeast Candida albicans using an agar disk diffusion method. Both the leaf and twig oils showed strong inhibition against all 3 tested microorganism strains with inhibition zones from 18.5 to 30.5 mm and from 45.5 to 46 mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oils was determined using microdilution broth susceptibility assay against 7 test microorganism strains including Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 3 abovementioned strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration values of the essential oil from the twigs were from 2.0 to 8.2 mg/mL, while those from the leaves were from 4.1 to 16.4 mg/mL.

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Evaluation of the phytochemical content and the use of the essential oil from the leaves of Malaysian Plectranthus amboinicus (lour) spreng as antimalarial in vivo

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v15i1.1277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Norazsida Ramli ◽

Pakeer Oothuman ◽

Muhammad Taher

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Phytochemical Content ◽

Major Chemical ◽

Plectranthus Amboinicus ◽

Total Oil

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Efficacy of Plant Essential Oils on Postharvest Control of Rots Caused by Fungi on Different Stone Fruits In Vivo

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-342 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 631-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

JORGE GIOVANNY LOPEZ-REYES ◽

DAVIDE SPADARO ◽

AMBRA PRELLE ◽

ANGELO GARIBALDI ◽

MARIA LODOVICA GULLINO

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Synergistic Activity ◽

Plant Essential Oils

The antifungal activity of plant essential oils was evaluated as postharvest treatment on stone fruit against brown rot and grey mold rot of stone fruit caused by Monilinia laxa and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. The essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum), fennel (Foeniculum sativum), lavender (Lavandula officinalis), marjoram (Origanum majorana), oregano (Origanum vulgare), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), savory (Satureja montana), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and wild mint (Mentha arvensis) were tested at two different concentrations on apricots (cv. Kyoto and cv. Tonda di Costigliole), nectarines (cv. Big Top and cv. Nectaross) and plums (cv. Italia and cv. TC Sun). The volatile composition of the essential oils tested was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The treatments containing essential oils from oregano, savory, and thyme at 1% (vol/vol) controlled both B. cinerea and M. laxa growing on apricots cv. Tonda di Costigliole and plums cv. Italia and cv. TC Sun; however, the same treatments were phytotoxic for the carposphere of nectarines cv. Big Top and cv. Nectaross. Treatments with 10% (vol/vol) essential oils were highly phytotoxic, notwithstanding their efficacy against the pathogens tested. The essential oils containing as major components α-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, and thymol showed similar results on stone fruit, so their antimicrobial activity and the phytotoxicity produced could be based on the concentration of their principal compounds and their synergistic activity. The efficacy of the essential oil treatments on control of fungal pathogens in postharvest depended on the fruit cultivar, the composition and concentration of the essential oil applied, and the length of storage.

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Post-Harvest Control of Anthracnose of Mango (Mangifera indica L. var Kent) using Essential Oils Extracted from two Aromatic Plants (Cymbopogon citratus (D C) Stapf. and Melaleuca quinquenervia L.) of the Ivorian Flora

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1011.032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 277-293

Author(s):

KOUAME Koffi Gaston KOUAME Konan Didier ◽

KASSI Koffifernand Jean Martial KONE Daouda

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Spore Germination ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Melaleuca Quinquenervia ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Physico Chemical

Mango anthracnose is one of the most important mango diseases in Côte d'Ivoire. The chemical approach to control this disease is today decried by consumers, because of the pesticide residues left in the fruit. The search for alternative control solutions, that respect the environment and are less polluting is becoming a necessity. Thus, the use of essential oils in the protection of mangoes against fruit pests before and especially after harvest is a promising solution. The present study aimed to reveal the inhibitory efficacy of essential oil of Melaleuca quinquenervia L. and Cymbopogon citratus (D.C) Stapf against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz & Sacc causal agent of mango anthracnose, stored at room temperature. Five doses (100; 200; 500; 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) of each product were tested in vitro on mycelial growth and spore germination of C. gloeosporioides. In vivo, 700 and 1,400 ppm of C. citratus L. and 1,200 and 12,000 ppm of M. quinquenervia L. were tested against anthracnose in artificially inoculated mangoes. The impact of the different doses of these species on the physico-chemical parameters of the treated fruits was evaluated on day 11. Results showed that mycelial growth and spore germination were totally inhibited by C. citratus essential oil at 1,000 and 2,000 ppm throughout the experiment. In Vivo, the 1,200 ppm dose of M. quinquenervia strongly reduced the occurrence and progression of anthracnose in treated fruits compared to the control with an efficiency rate of 77.76 ± 8.73 and 86.63 ± 5.21%, respectivement. The essences did not significantly influence the physico-chemical parameters of the fruits. The doses 1,200 ppm of M. quinquenervia and 1,400 ppm of C. citratus can be recommended in a post-harvest biological control strategy against mangoes anthracnose.

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Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil Obtained from the Seed and Oleo-Gum-Resin of Ferula assa-foetida Against Oral Pathogens

Frontiers in Dentistry ◽

10.18502/fid.v16i2.1362 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Alireza Daneshkazemi ◽

Hengameh Zandi ◽

Abdolrahim Davari ◽

Mahmood Vakili ◽

Majid Emtiazi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Oral Bacteria ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil obtained from oleo-gum-resin and seeds of Ferula assa-foetida. Materials and Methods: Ferula assa-foetida plants were collected from Tabas, Yazd Province, Iran, during summer 2017. Then, essential oils were obtained from its seeds and oleo-gum-resin using hydrodistillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) test was performed to determine the contents of the essential oils. Four different concentrations of each oil were prepared (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μg/ml), and the antimicrobial activity of each dose against four oral bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis test in SPSS 17 software. Results: The GC-MS findings exhibited that the main compounds found in essential oils yielded from the seeds and oleo gum resin were (Z) -1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide and (E) -1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide. Ferula assa-foetida plant showed a significant antimicrobial effect (P<0.05). The essential oil from Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin had significantly stronger antibacterial properties compared to the essential oil from Ferula assa-foetida seeds (P<0.001). Both essential oils showed antibacterial properties similar to that of Chlorhexidine. The growth inhibition zone was significantly dependent on the essential oil concentration for all bacteria (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our study revealed that essential oils from seeds and oleo-gum-resin of Ferula assa-foetida have antimicrobial properties. More laboratory studies are required to reach a definitive conclusion.

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