Post-Harvest Control of Anthracnose of Mango (Mangifera indica L.  var Kent) using Essential Oils Extracted from two Aromatic Plants (Cymbopogon citratus (D C) Stapf. and Melaleuca quinquenervia L.)  of the Ivorian Flora

Mango anthracnose is one of the most important mango diseases in Côte d'Ivoire. The chemical approach to control this disease is today decried by consumers, because of the pesticide residues left in the fruit. The search for alternative control solutions, that respect the environment and are less polluting is becoming a necessity. Thus, the use of essential oils in the protection of mangoes against fruit pests before and especially after harvest is a promising solution. The present study aimed to reveal the inhibitory efficacy of essential oil of Melaleuca quinquenervia L. and Cymbopogon citratus (D.C) Stapf against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz & Sacc causal agent of mango anthracnose, stored at room temperature. Five doses (100; 200; 500; 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) of each product were tested in vitro on mycelial growth and spore germination of C. gloeosporioides. In vivo, 700 and 1,400 ppm of C. citratus L. and 1,200 and 12,000 ppm of M. quinquenervia L. were tested against anthracnose in artificially inoculated mangoes. The impact of the different doses of these species on the physico-chemical parameters of the treated fruits was evaluated on day 11. Results showed that mycelial growth and spore germination were totally inhibited by C. citratus essential oil at 1,000 and 2,000 ppm throughout the experiment. In Vivo, the 1,200 ppm dose of M. quinquenervia strongly reduced the occurrence and progression of anthracnose in treated fruits compared to the control with an efficiency rate of 77.76 ± 8.73 and 86.63 ± 5.21%, respectivement. The essences did not significantly influence the physico-chemical parameters of the fruits. The doses 1,200 ppm of M. quinquenervia and 1,400 ppm of C. citratus can be recommended in a post-harvest biological control strategy against mangoes anthracnose.

Download Full-text

Alternative control of post-harvest diseases in Tainung 1 papaya

Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical ◽

10.1590/1983-40632018v4850938 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 29-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andréa Mirne de Macêdo Dantas ◽

Selma Rogéria de Carvalho Nascimento ◽

Beatriz Letícia Silva da Cruz ◽

Fernando Henrique Alves da Silva ◽

Márcia Michelle de Queiroz Ambrósio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Vitro Experiment ◽

In Vitro Experiment ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Clove Essential Oil

ABSTRACT Controlling post-harvest papaya diseases without using agrochemicals is a challenge for producers. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of clove essential oil, biological fungicide (Trichodermil®), resistance inducer (Cob Sistem®) and chemical fungicide (Imazacure®) on the in vitro control of phytopathogenic fungi isolates from papaya as well as on the post-harvest quality of Tainung 1 papaya. The in vitro experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design, with five fungal species x five treatments and five replications. The in vivo experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design, with five treatments x five storage times, five replications and three fruits per replication. The fruits were stored under refrigeration at 10 ± 2 ºC and 90 ± 5 % of relative humidity and evaluated at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage, plus two shelf life days at 25 ± 2 ºC, to simulate marketing conditions. The inhibition of mycelial growth was evaluated in the in vitro experiment, while the diseases occurrence and post-harvest quality of the fruits were evaluated in the in vivo experiment. The clove essential oil and Trichodermil® were as efficient as Imazacure® in inhibiting the mycelial growth of Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Rhizopus sp. The treatments with clove essential oil, Trichodermil® and Imazacure® were similar in controlling the pathogens up to 21 days of storage. The treatments had no effect on the fruits soluble solid contents.

Download Full-text

Essential Oils of Sage, Rosemary, and Bay Laurel Inhibit the Life Stages of Oomycete Pathogens Important in Aquaculture

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10081676 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1676

Author(s):

Anđela Miljanović ◽

Dorotea Grbin ◽

Dora Pavić ◽

Maja Dent ◽

Igor Jerković ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Inhibition Assay ◽

Growth Inhibition Assay ◽

Aphanomyces Astaci

Saprolegnia parasitica, the causative agent of saprolegniosis in fish, and Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of crayfish plague, are oomycete pathogens that cause economic losses in aquaculture. Since toxic chemicals are currently used to control them, we aimed to investigate their inhibition by essential oils of sage, rosemary, and bay laurel as environmentally acceptable alternatives. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that the essential oils tested were rich in bioactive volatiles, mainly monoterpenes. Mycelium and zoospores of A. astaci were more sensitive compared to those of S. parasitica, where only sage essential oil completely inhibited mycelial growth. EC50 values (i.e., concentrations of samples at which the growth was inhibited by 50%) for mycelial growth determined by the radial growth inhibition assay were 0.031–0.098 µL/mL for A. astaci and 0.040 µL/mL for S. parasitica. EC50 values determined by the zoospore germination inhibition assay were 0.007–0.049 µL/mL for A. astaci and 0.012–0.063 µL/mL for S. parasitica. The observed inhibition, most pronounced for sage essential oil, could be partly due to dominant constituents of the essential oils, such as camphor, but more likely resulted from a synergistic effect of multiple compounds. Our results may serve as a basis for in vivo experiments and the development of environmentally friendly methods to control oomycete pathogens in aquaculture.

Download Full-text

Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Three Artemisia Species against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of Mango

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10111331 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1331

Author(s):

Xing Huang ◽

Tiantian Liu ◽

Chunxiang Zhou ◽

Yulin Huang ◽

Xing Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽

Artemisia Annua ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Inhibition Rate ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

Post Harvest

Post-harvest diseases of mango reduce fruit quality and cause severe yield losses with completely unmarketable fruits. The most common diseases of mangos are anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides). In this study, the antibacterial activities of essential oils from Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia lavandulaefolia, and Artemisia annua against C. gloeosporioides were tested. The results showed that the essential oil of A. scoparia was more effective by the agar diffusion method; the EC50 value was 9.32 µL/mL. The inhibition rate was 100%, at a concentration of 10 μL/mL, through the spore germination method. The morphological changes of the mycelium were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mycelia treated with essential oils showed shrinking, deformity, fracture, and dryness through SEM. A. scoparia essential oil was inoculated in vivo and subjected to paroxysm testing under natural conditions. A. scoparia had significantly inhibitory activity, and the inhibition rate was 66.23% in vivo inoculation tests after 10 days. The inhibition rate was 92.06% in the paroxysm test under natural conditions after 15 days. Finally, A. acoparia essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds were 2-ethenyl-Naphthalene (23.5%), 2,4-pentadiynyl-Benzene (11.8%), 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-Benzene (10.0%), β-Pinene (8.0%), and 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-Cyclohexadiene (6.3%). The results have revealed the potential use of A. scoparia essential oil against post-harvest fungal pathogens C. gloeosporioides.

Download Full-text

Characterization and physico-chemical analysis of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus leaves

Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.4314/bajopas.v11i1.14 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 74-81

Author(s):

R.F. Olayemi ◽

I.O. Jawonisi ◽

J.A. Samuel

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Acid Value ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Point Of View ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Physico Chemical

The genus Cymbopogon is important from the point of view of their essential oils. Essential oils from these species are widely used in flavours, fragrances, cosmetics, soaps, detergents and perfumery owing to their typical lemon-like aroma. Essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus was extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized using Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR).The oil was also subjected to physico-chemical analysis, the physical and chemical properties evaluated were Boiling point (74oC), Specific gravity (0.8960), Refractive index (1.4838) and pH (6.00) at 25oC. Saponification value(109.76) and Acid value (0.55) mg KOH/g oil. Iodine value (100g of I2/g oil) 105, Ester value (189.21), Residue on evaporation (10%) at 100oC.The chemical composition of the essential oil analyzed by GC-MS showed citral (31.1%), β-Myrcene (14.2%), citronellal (9.8%), limonene oxide (7.7%), eraniol (7.3%) and linalool (6.2%) as the major compounds. The FTIR spectra revealed the presence of n-alkane, conjugated alkene, primary amide, amine, aldehyde, primary and secondary alcohols. The results obtained from the physico-chemical parameters, and functional groups identified by FTIR as well as the compounds identified by GC-MS revealed that the oil has medicinal and nutritive values as well as industrial applications in the pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industries .Keywords: Characterization, Citral, Cymbopogon citratus, Essential oil, FTIR, GC-MS

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) Essential Oil Grown in Tien Giang Province, Vietnam

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2020.22258 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 1248-1250 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tan Phat Dao ◽

Hoang Thang Do ◽

Le Quang Khoi ◽

Nguyen Van Gia Phap ◽

Mai Huyng Cang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Vital Role ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Acid Index

The lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus L.) essential oil plays a vital role as an ingredient in different fields due to aromatic, antibacterial properties and antifungal activity. In this study, essential oil of lemongrass was obtained using hydrodistillation method and evaluated for chemical compositions and physico-chemical characteristics. The averaged physico-chemical parameters were determined as specific gravity (0.8865 g/cm3), acid index (2.948), ester index (6.402) and refractive index (9.35). Moreover, the hydrodistillation process performance was achieved 0.29%. The composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC-MS, revealing a total of 18 volatile constituents existing in the lemongrass oil. The major components were α-citral (40.838%), β-citral (28.494%), β-myrcene (16.654%), 2,3-dehydro-1,8-cineole (2.264%) and geraniol (2.388%). The citral component accounts for high content (more than 70% of volume) of oil.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Seven Essential Oils as Seed Treatments against Seedborne Fungal Pathogens of Cucurbita maxima

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2354

Author(s):

Marwa Moumni ◽

Mohamed Bechir Allagui ◽

Kaies Mezrioui ◽

Hajer Ben Amara ◽

Gianfranco Romanazzi

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Cucurbita Maxima ◽

Melaleuca Alternifolia ◽

Seedborne Pathogens ◽

Origanum Majorana ◽

Potential Use

Essential oils are gaining interest as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides for management of seedborne pathogens. Here, seven essential oils were initially tested in vivo for disinfection of squash seeds (Cucurbita maxima) naturally contaminated by Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium fujikuro, Fusarium solani, Paramyrothecium roridum, Albifimbria verrucaria, Curvularia spicifera, and Rhizopus stolonifer. The seeds were treated with essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Lavandula dentata, Lavandula hybrida, Melaleuca alternifolia, Laurus nobilis, and Origanum majorana (#1 and #2). Incidence of S. cucurbitacearum was reduced, representing a range between 67.0% in L. nobilis to 84.4% in O. majorana #2. Treatments at 0.5 mg/mL essential oils did not affect seed germination, although radicles were shorter than controls, except with C. citratus and O. majorana #1 essential oils. Four days after seeding, seedling emergence was 20%, 30%, and 10% for control seeds and seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil (0.5 mg/mL) and fungicides (25 g/L difenoconazole plus 25 g/L fludioxonil). S. cucurbitacearum incidence was reduced by ~40% for plantlets from seeds treated with C. citratus essential oil. These data show the effectiveness of this essential oil to control the transmission of S. cucurbitacearum from seeds to plantlets, and thus define their potential use for seed decontamination in integrated pest management and organic agriculture.

Download Full-text

Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils on Selected Weeds: Potential Hazard on Food Crops

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants7040079 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

María Ibáñez ◽

María Blázquez

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Food Crops ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Spectrometry Analysis

The chemical composition of winter savory, peppermint, and anise essential oils, and in vitro and in vivo phytotoxic activity against weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Lolium multiflorum, and Echinochloa crus-galli) and food crops (maize, rice, and tomato), have been studied. Sixty-four compounds accounting for between 97.67–99.66% of the total essential oils were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. Winter savory with carvacrol (43.34%) and thymol (23.20%) as the main compounds produced a total inhibitory effect against the seed germination of tested weed. Menthol (48.23%), menthone (23.33%), and iso-menthone (16.33%) from peppermint only showed total seed germination inhibition on L. multiflorum, whereas no significant effects were observed with trans-anethole (99.46%) from anise at all concentrations (0.125–1 µL/mL). Low doses of peppermint essential oil could be used as a sustainable alternative to synthetic agrochemicals to control L. multiflorum. The results corroborate that in vivo assays with a commercial emulsifiable concentrate need higher doses of the essential oils to reproduce previous in vitro trials. The higher in vivo phytotoxicity of winter savory essential oil constitutes an eco-friendly and less pernicious alternative to weed control. It is possible to achieve a greater in vivo phytotoxicity if less active essential oil like peppermint is included with other active excipients.

Download Full-text

Extraction and Formulation of Perfume from Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass)

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v25i8.27 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 1461-1463

Author(s):

O.E. Ameh ◽

J.I. Achika ◽

N.M. Bello ◽

A.J. Owolaja

Keyword(s):

Solvent Extraction ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Boiling Point ◽

Extraction Method ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Suitable Method ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Cymbopogon Citratus ◽

Solvent Extraction Method

This work aimed to extract perfume from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus using three extraction methods viz: distillation, solvent extraction and expression or effleurage. About 150 g of dried lemons grass were extracted using ethanol as the solvent to obtain essential oils required for the formulation of perfumes. The result of the hydrodistillation process showed that 1.23 g of essential oil per 130g of dry lemongrass produce 0.95% oil at 78 °C, while the effleurage method was 2.55 g of essential oil per 130 g of dry lemongrass sample thereby producing 1.96% oil yield. The solvent extraction method gave 2.7 g of essential oil per 130 g of dry lemongrass sample. This gives about 2.08 % yield of essential oil at a temperature of 78°C i.e. the boiling point of ethanol. The solvent extraction method yielded 2.08%, the effleuragemethod yielded 1.96% and the hydrodistillation method yielded 0.95% essential oil respectively. In conclusion, solvent extraction gave the highest yield because of less exposure to air and heat, which is highly recommended as the most suitable method for the extraction of essential oil.

Download Full-text

Comparative investigation of sesquiterpene components of essential oils originating from intact plants and hairy root chamomile cultures

GSC Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/gscarr.2021.6.2.0016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 028-049

Author(s):

Éva Szőke ◽

Éva Lemberkovics

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Hairy Root ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Root Culture ◽

Hairy Root Culture ◽

Comparative Investigation ◽

Biologically Active

The importance of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita) inflorescence is widely known in classical and folk medicine, with the largest group of its effective constituents forming the essential oil (chamazulene, a-bisabolol, α-farnesene, trans-β-farnesene, spathulenol, cis/trans-en-in-dicycloethers). Among cultivated species, the Hungarian BK-2 contains more chamazulene in its essential oil than the German Degumil type, which is mainly cultivated for its a-bisabolol. Both components have important antiinflammatory activities. Wild populations can be easily distinguished from cultivated ones by their high amount of bisaboloides, particularly the flower of Hungarian Szabadkígyós wild type, which contained on average 48 % of the biologically active (-)-a-bisabolol. The population of Szabadkígyós has good salt tolerance which is important owing to global warming, because the proportion of saline areas is increasing worldwide. To keep the genome of Szabadkígyós having high (-)-a-bisabolol content, Szőke and research team used biotechnological methods. Sterile plantlets, were infected by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains #A-4, #15834, #R-1601. The hairy root clones possessing the best growing and biosynthetical potential were multiplied for phytochemical investigations. Pharmacologically important compounds of their essential oils were followed in great detail. The amount of in vitro cultured terpenoids and polyin compounds was compared with that of in vivo plants. GC-MS studies showed that sterile chamomile cultures generated the most important terpenoid and polyin compounds characteristics of the mother plant. Berkheyaradulene, geranyl-isovalerat and cedrol as new components were identified in these sterile cultures. The main component of hairy root cultures (D/400, D/1, D/100 and Sz/400) was tr-b-farnesene and in addition one new compound: a-selinene was identified. Hairy root culture originated from chamomile collected in Szabadkígyós was intensive increased the essential oil content and pharmacological active compounds: (-) -α-bisabolol and β-eudesmol was also synthetized in large quantity. Furthermore, in vitro organized cultures were made from this population to obtain propagation material containing numerous active substances.

Download Full-text

Rouse model with transient intramolecular contacts on a timescale of seconds recapitulates folding and fluctuation of yeast chromosomes

Nucleic Acids Research ◽

10.1093/nar/gkz374 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (12) ◽

pp. 6195-6207 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Marius Socol ◽

Renjie Wang ◽

Daniel Jost ◽

Pascal Carrivain ◽

Cédric Vaillant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Properties ◽

Single Particle Tracking ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Chromosome Conformation ◽

Formation Reaction ◽

Rouse Model ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Capture Techniques

Abstract DNA folding and dynamics along with major nuclear functions are determined by chromosome structural properties, which remain, thus far, elusive in vivo. Here, we combine polymer modeling and single particle tracking experiments to determine the physico-chemical parameters of chromatin in vitro and in living yeast. We find that the motion of reconstituted chromatin fibers can be recapitulated by the Rouse model using mechanical parameters of nucleosome arrays deduced from structural simulations. Conversely, we report that the Rouse model shows some inconsistencies to analyze the motion and structural properties inferred from yeast chromosomes determined with chromosome conformation capture techniques (specifically, Hi-C). We hence introduce the Rouse model with Transient Internal Contacts (RouseTIC), in which random association and dissociation occurs along the chromosome contour. The parametrization of this model by fitting motion and Hi-C data allows us to measure the kinetic parameters of the contact formation reaction. Chromosome contacts appear to be transient; associated to a lifetime of seconds and characterized by an attractive energy of –0.3 to –0.5 kBT. We suggest attributing this energy to the occurrence of histone tail-DNA contacts and notice that its amplitude sets chromosomes in ‘theta’ conditions, in which they are poised for compartmentalization and phase separation.

Download Full-text