In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Aggregation Abilities of Probiotic Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus salivarius Against Oral Pathogens

The antagonistic effect of probiotics against oral pathogens merits exploration because these bacteria are beneficial to the host’s health. The antimicrobial activity of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus salivarius, as well as L. casei and L. salivarius combination (1:1), was investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis using agar-well diffusion, auto-aggregation and coaggregation assays. L. salivarius cell-free supernatant (CFS) alone exhibited greater inhibitory effect against Streptococci spp. compared to L. casei CFS alone and the combination. However, no inhibition was observed for Candida spp. L. salivarius alone exhibited significantly stronger auto-aggregation than L. casei alone (p ≤ 0.05) and L. casei and L. salivarius combination. L. salivarius exhibited strong coaggregation ability with Candida spp., followed by Streptococci spp. while L. casei exhibited coaggregation only with Streptococci spp. However, L. casei and L. salivarius combination did not display any coaggregation with all strains. L. salivarius alone exhibited a stronger antagonistic effect on the tested organisms than L. casei alone or in combination. Based on the results, both probiotic strains showed good antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens and should be further studied for their human health benefits.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BANDOTAN (Ageratum Conyzoides Lin) TERHADAP Escherichia Coli, Propionibacterium Acnes, dan Streptococcus Sobrinus

Daun bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides Lin) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang digunakan sebagai obat tradisional daun bandotan mempunyai berbagai khasiat, salah satunya sebagai antibakteri Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak daun bandotan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Propionumbacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, dan Streptococcus mutan. Simplisia daun bandotan diekstrak menggunakan etanol pada suhu kamar, kemudian dilakukan pemekatan ekstrak menggunakan vacuum rotary evaporator sehingga diperoleh ekstrak kasar. Analisis fitokimia dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang meliputi flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin terpenoid dan steroid. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi sumuran dengan konsentrasi 100, 200, 400, dan 600 µg/well untuk mengetahui Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum. Chlorampenicol digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan aseton sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil penelitian dinyatakan bahwa ekstrak daun bandotan mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yaitu flavonoid, saponin, tannin, dan steroid. Sedang alkaloid dan terpenoid tidak terdeteksi. Hasil pengujian aktivitas antibakteri eksrak etanol daun bandotan berpotensi sebagai bahan antibakteri dengan KHM pada E.coli antara100-200 µg/well dan pada P. acne dan S. Sobrinus di bawah 100 µg/well.

Bee Venom, Honey, and Royal Jelly in the Treatment of Bacterial Infections of the Oral Cavity: A Review

Oral diseases affect a very large number of people, and the applied pharmacological methods of treatment and/or prevention have serious side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new, safer methods of treatment. Natural bee products, such as honey, royal jelly, and bee venom, can be a promising alternative in the treatment of oral cavity bacterial infections. Thus, we performed an extensive literature search to find and summarize all articles about the antibacterial activity of honey, royal jelly, and bee venom. Our analysis showed that these bee products have strong activity against the bacterial strains causing caries, periodontitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, recurrent aphthous ulcers, supragingival, and subgingival plaque. An analysis of average MIC values showed that honey and royal jelly have the highest antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. In turn, bee venom has an antibacterial effect against Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptoccus pyogenes were the most resistant species to different types of honey, and royal jelly, respectively. Moreover, these products are safer in comparison to the chemical compounds used in the treatment of oral cavity bacterial infections. Since the antimicrobial activity of bee products depends on their chemical composition, more research is needed to standardize the composition of these compounds before they could be used in the treatment of oral cavity bacterial infections.

Antibacterial Effect of Experimental Orthodontic Adhesives Containing Gold Nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus

Enamel decalcification usually can be found around orthodontic bracket after debonding. Orthodontic adhesives resistant to bacterial colonization were used to prevent white spot lesion and dental caries in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial properties of expeimental orthodontic adhesive containing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). 108 orthodontic adhesive discs containing 1.0 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.25 wt% AuNPs and without AuNPs were prepared from in-house orthodontic adhesive (27 discs per group). The antibcterial properties of adhesive discs were evaluated by direct contact test. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus suspensions were placed on the discs and incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour. The adhesive discs were transferred to BHI broth and were incubated at 37°C for 16, 20 and 24 h. Bacterial growth was evaluated by optical density (OD) measurement at 590nm. The results showed that experimental orthodontic adhesives with 1.0 wt% and 0.5 wt% AuNPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity compared to the control group (p < 0.05). At 24 h of incubation, the median OD of 1.0 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.25 wt% and control in S. mutans were 0.109, 0.006, 0.007 and 0.372, rescpectively. In S. sobrinus, the median OD were 0.173, 0.012 , 0.007 and 0.328. The incorporation of gold nanoparticles into orthodontic adhesives exhibited antibacterial activity against cariogenic microorganism. At a concentration of 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% AuNPs, experimental orthodontic adhesive could reduce bacterial growth of both S. mutans and S. sobrinus.

Antibacterial Effect of Gold Nanoparticles Coated Dental Floss against Cariogenic Bacteria

Background: Carious lesions can occur on the proximal surfaces of the posterior teeth. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are the main acidogenic bacteria that are commonly associated to dental caries. Interproximal cleaning is an important form of oral self-care habits, considering such areas of the dentition are easily affected by caries. Accordingly, dental floss has been used as an additional tool to enhance the quality of the cleaning process. It is reasonable that dental flossing should reduce interproximal caries risk because it is capable of removing parts of the interproximal plaque. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticle (AuNPs), when coated on unwaxed dental floss.Methods: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar. Broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the AuNPs with subcultures so obtained. Then, the bacteria were grown and spread on blood agar on which identical lengths (20mm) of unwaxed dental floss coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at concentration of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/mL were placed. Control included untreated unwaxed dental floss and unwaxed dental floss with 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX). Five randomized sites of the inhibition zones were measured in millimeters in each concentration per floss. Means ± S.D. of the inhibition zones were calculated.Results: The MIC and MBC of AuNPs against S. sobrinus and S. mutans were 0.5 μg/mL and 1.0 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicated that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated unwaxed dental floss, placed on blood agar with S. mutans and S. sobrinus demonstrated significant inhibition of bacterial growth. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated unwaxed dental floss at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mg/mL resulted in zones of inhibition ranging from 2.93 ± 0.30 mm to 4.71 ± 0.32 mm for S. sobrinus and 2.95 ± 1.73 mm to 5.18 ± 0.61 mm for S. mutans, respectively.Conclusion: Invitro study demonstrated that the AuNPs-coated unwaxed dental floss had antibacterial activities against cariogenic bacteria.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIBIOTICS, TOOTHPASTE AND PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM HUMAN GUMS

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of some antibiotics, toothpastes, and medicinal plant extracts against the bacterial species isolated from human gums. A total of 125 samples were collected. The male and female patients were with the age from 15-60 years. A total of 27 species were isolated and identified. Among those bacterial species, Streptococcus mutans was most prevalent 29.62%, followed by Lactobacillus acidophilus 22.22%, Streptococcus sobrinus 18.51% and S aureus 14.81% respectively. While Micrococcus spp. 3.7%, Streptococcus sanguinis 3.7%, Actinomyces viscosus 3.7% and Aeromonas were least prevalent. To observe the most effective treatment for gum infections, the isolated strains were subjected to the sensitivity tests against antibiotics, toothpastes and plant extracts. The maximum zone of inhibition formed by Sulfamethoxazole was found against Staph aurus 33mm, while the minimum zone by Amoxicillin was observed against Streptococcus sobrinus (6mm). The maximum zone of inhibition by Toothpaste 1 (Fluoride and salt) was against Micrococcus spp. 34mm. The maximum zone of inhibition by Curcuma longa against S. mutans was 22mm, while the minimum zone by Ajuga bracteosa against S. mutans was 11mm. The data obtained through this study revealed that antibiotics were more effective for the treatment of oral bacterial pathogens as compared to toothpaste and plant extracts with moderate and low activity, respectively. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that use of antibiotics during infection and toothpaste with fluoride and salt contents in daily routine could help in the elimination of bacterial pathogens to maintain oral health.

Evaluation of surface roughness and Vickers microhardness of various nano-herbal extracts on demineralized dentin and their bactericidal efficacy with 970-nm wavelength diode laser irradiation

Objective Was to evaluate effect of clove, turmeric and garlic nano-herbal extracts on surface roughness and microhardness of demineralized dentin, and their bactericidal effect on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus with or without diode laser irradiation. Methods Three 5% nano-formulas were prepared and characterized using transmission electron microscope. MI paste Plus™ was used as control. A total of 100 specimens of demineralized dentin were prepared and treated with 3 W-power diode laser; then, the different tested materials for 10-min before the surface roughness and Vickers microhardness tests were conducted. Eighty coronal cavities were prepared (1-mm diameter × 2-mm depth). Cavities were inoculated with the tested materials with S. mutans or S. sobrinus bacteria, with or without diode laser irradiation for 20-s. Colony-forming unit method was used for counting the viable bacteria. Data were explored for normality using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests and showed parametric distribution for the surface roughness and microhardness tests, and non-parametric distribution for the bactericidal activity test. Results The herbal formulas had a significant surface roughness and microhardness mean values. It showed a significant antimicrobial effect on the tested bacteria. When they were combined with diode laser, they showed a significantly higher antimicrobial effect. Conclusions The tested herbal formulas represent potent topical remineralizing and antibacterial agents especially when they are used in conjunction with diode laser irradiation.

The Incidence of Bacterial Isolates Among Dental Caries Patients Attending Clinic At Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria

Despite the global public health importance of dental caries, it is greatly understudied. This study investigates the incidence and prevalent bacteria species in dental carries among patients attending dental clinic in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria. Patients presenting with signs, symptoms and suspected cases of dental caries attending dental clinic in the hospital between May and July 2017 were recruited. Following standard laboratory procedures, swabs were obtained, morphologically and biochemically analyzed and data subjected to simple statistical analysis. Of the 340 suspected cases, 65.59% were positive for bacteria (25.11% in children and 74.89% in adult). Females were more likely (1.23 times) to be affected and 2.98 times more common in adults than children. The prevalent bacteria isolated was Streptococcus mutans (151; 67.7%), Streptococcus sobrinus (36; 16.4%), Lactobacillus acidophilus (22; 9.9%), Streptococcus salivarius (10; 4.5%) and lastly Streptococcus mitis (4; 1.8%). Biochemical characterization showed isolated Streptococus and Lactobacillus species were non-motile and negative to catalase, citrate, oxidase, indole and urease tests. This study showed the incidence of dental caries is high in the study area and that Streptococcus mutans is the most causative bacteria.

Assessment of Disinfection Potential of Q-Switch Nd: YAG Laser on Contaminated Titanium Implant Surfaces

Peri-implantitis (PI) is a relatively frequent pathology that compromises the overall survival of the dental implant. Adjunctive approaches for the conventional mechanical debridement are being suggested to optimize the treatment of PI. The goal of the study was the assessment of the disinfection potential of the Q-Switch Nd: YAG laser on contaminated titanium implant surfaces. A total of 72 sterile titanium discs were used and divided into three groups: 24 contaminated titanium discs treated with the laser (study Group L), 24 contaminated titanium discs with no treatment (control 1—Group C), and 24 sterile titanium discs with no treatment (control 2—Group S). Multi-species biofilm was used: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Prevotella intermedia. Commensal bacteria were included also: Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Veillonella parvula. Parameters delivered per pulse on the targeted surfaces of the titanium discs were an energy density of 0.597 J/cm2 each pulse, a pulse power of 270 mW, a laser beam spot of 2.4 mm in diameter, and a rate of repetition of 10 Hertz (Hz) for a pulse duration of 6 nanoseconds (ns). The mode was no contact, and a distance of 500 micrometers was used with a total time of irradiation equal to 2 s (s). The collection of microbiological samples was made for all groups; colony-forming units (CFU) were identified by two different practitioners, and the average of their examinations was considered for each sample. The average of the TBC (CFU/mL) was calculated for each group. Values were 0.000 CFU/mL, 4767 CFU/mL, and 0.000 CFU/mL for Group L, Group C, and Group S, respectively. Therefore, the suggested treatment protocol was able to provoke a total disinfection of the contaminated titanium surfaces. A statistical difference was only found between Group L vs. Group C and between Group S vs. Group C. The difference was not significant between Group S and Group L. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that the Q-Switch Nd: YAG laser under our specific conditions can provide a total disinfection of the contaminated titanium surfaces.

Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli: Colonization Patterns and Genotypic Characterization of Cariogenic Bacterial Species in American Indian Children

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus species in an American Indian population displaying a high incidence of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) and to explore the genotypic diversity and fidelity of transmission of S. sobrinus in this population.Methods: We report here on the microbial profiles of 71 children compiled from birth to 36 months of age and initial exploration of genotypic diversity in a subset of 40 mother/child dyads. Whole mouth plaque samples were collected from mother/child dyads in a Northern Plains American Indian cohort. Mutans streptococci (MS) and Lactobacillus counts were recorded and presence/absence of S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus was noted for each child. S. sobrinus was isolated and genotyped via arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR).Results: The children in this study were divided into caries active (CA) and caries free (CF) groups. S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and Lactobacillus species were detected more frequently in CA groups. Distribution of MS and Lactobacillus counts was significantly different between the two groups, as was the distribution of three species colonization profiles. Twelve S. sobrinus genotypes were detected in the subset of mother/child dyads. Individual participants displayed a range of 0–3 distinct genotypes while mother/child pairs displayed a range of 1–5 genotypes. Eighty-three percent of children shared at least one genotype with his/her mother.Conclusion: Caries active children in this population display different microbial profiles than the caries free children in this cohort. A small number of S. sobrinus genotypes appear to be very common in this population. A high rate of vertical transmission of S. sobrinus from mother to child is seen in these mother/child dyads.