Antibacterial Potentials of some Toothpaste Products against some Oral Bacterial Isolates

Objetive: Manufacturers of toothpastes claim that their products are active against oral microbiome capable of causing tooth decay. The objective of this study was to investigate the manufacturers’ claim using some of the toothpaste products sold in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Material and methods: The antibacterial potentials of five commercialized toothpaste products (designated sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcohol-sodium fluorophosphate, sodium fluoride-eugenol, sodium fluoridesodium laurylsulfate and sodium fluoridepotassium nitrate) were tested against six oral isolates of dental caries and periodontal origin – Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial potentials were evaluated using modified agar well diffusion method. Various dilutions of the toothpaste products from 1:1 to 1:16 were tested against each test microorganism. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the toothpastes were determined. Results: sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcoholsodium fluorophosphate and sodium fluorideeugenol toothpastes showed inhibitory effects on S. aureus, S. mitis and S. salivarius. Sodium fluoride-sodium laurylsulfate and sodium fluoride-potassium nitrate toothpastes showed no inhibitory effect on the organisms except S. pyogenes. Only sodium fluoride-potassium nitrate toothpaste inhibited E. coli while none of the toothpastes inhibited P. aeruginosa. The MIC and MBC of sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcohol-sodium fluorophosphate, and sodium fluoride-eugenol toothpastes showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects on the organisms. Sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcohol-sodium fluorophosphate, and sodium fluoride-eugenol toothpastes showed comparable effects on S. aureus, S. mitis and S. salivarius. Sodium fluoride-eugenol toothpaste was strongest against S. mitis, benzyl alcoholsodium fluorophosphates toothpaste was strongest against S. pyogenes, sodium fluoridezinc sulphate toothpaste was strongest against S. salivarius and only sodium fluoride-potassium nitrate toothpaste inhibited E. coli. Conclusion: The manufacturer’s claim is upheld by this study for sodium fluoride-zinc sulphate, benzyl alcohol-sodium fluorophosphate and sodium fluoride-eugenol toothpastes. However, sodium fluoride-sodium laurylsulfate and sodium fluoride-potassium nitrate toothpastes showed limited inhibitory potentials. Keywords Antibacterial; Caries; Oral isolates; Periodontitis; Toothpastes.

Antimicrobial Testing of Dry Surfaces through Large Droplet Inoculation

The Large Droplet Inoculation (LDI) protocol for testing antimicrobial coatings and treatments is simple, reproducible, and closely mimics real-world conditions at solid/air interfaces. This is an advancement of the current ISO 22196/JIS Z 2801 standard method, as it provides greater ease-of-use and more closely resembles the contamination of common surfaces. The protocol involves inoculating 100 µL droplets containing ~107 microbial cells of a test microorganism onto sets of antimicrobial-treated and untreated control sample material. The sets are protected from dust accumulation and allowed to air dry, which causes all cells within each droplet to encounter the sample surface. The surviving cells are then collected by vortexing in a collection liquid and enumerating to evaluate differences in survival on the antimicrobial-treated and untreated control samples. Overall, the LDI protocol requires 10 hours of basic microbiology over one week and provides a simple means of assessing the efficacy of various antimicrobial coatings and treatments.

Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides from Local Forest Dwelling Ants: In-vitro Screening for Antimicrobial Activity

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) recognized as host defense peptide (HDPs), have achieved considerable attention during last two decades as potential components of the instinctive immune system. Amongst the insects over casted for AMPS the hymenopterans comprising of ants have been identified for possessing potent antimicrobial peptides, those are small linear peptides. An investigation was taken up to screen for antimicrobial peptides collected from ants thriving in Forest Plantation in Hijli of Midnapore District, W.B. Three species of ants, members of the family Formicidae, were collected for in vitro antimicrobial activities of the whole body extract. These were tested by in the 10% of acetic acid solution using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against test microorganism viz. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus mutans, Vibrio cholarae and Candida albicans. A strong antimicrobial activity was noted in all the extracts against all the microorganisms. The Spectrophotometric scanning was carried out to confirm the presence of peptides. TLC and HPLC were done. The result revealed that all the three species of ants exploited in this study were found to be a promising source of antimicrobial peptides.

Assessment of tuberculocidal efficiency of disinfectants according to manufacturers’ 'instructions and results of experimental studies using reference test strain mycobacterium terrae

Objective. The aim of the study was to investigate the tuberculocidal efficacy of disinfectants according to the manufacturers instructions and the results of experimental studies using a test strain of Mycobacterium terrae. Materials and methods. The instructions for 150 disinfectants (DS) were studied. An experimental evaluation of the tuberculocidal efficacy of 6 DS was carried out using the reference strain M. terrae. Results. A study of the documentation for the DS showed that from the number of DS produced before 2010, only 38.2 % of the drugs were recertified after 2010. Of these, only in 50.0 % of cases it was noted in the instructions that the recertification was carried out using the test microorganism M. terrae. From the number of DS produced after 2010, only 49.2 % of the drugs were certified using the M. terrae test strain. According to the results of laboratory assessment of DS, it was shown that drugs that did not pass re-certification using M. terrae have low tuberculocidal efficacy. Conclusions. It has been established that many manufacturers of DS during certification and recertification of drugs do not test the modes of their tuberculocidal efficacy on the regulated microorganism M. terrae. In the course of laboratory assessment of the tuberculocidal effect of DS, it was confirmed that the least effective drug was the one that did not pass re-certification using M. terrae.

Penyuluhan Pembuatan Disinfectant kepada Karyawan Laundry di Condongcatur Yogyakarta

Various attempts have been made to combine in one composition to kill bacteria and detergents. So antiseptics such as coal tar, phenolic and crystalline preparations, mercury salts, as compounds of chlorides and iodides, arsenic and silver, and essential oils such as resin oil, terpenes, almond oil, and thyme oil. Has been used with soap, with alkaline salts of Long-chain fatty acids. The effective disinfectant is determined based on several parameters, namely: the phenol coefficient of the disinfectant and the water quality results measured from pH, dissolved oxygen (DO, dissolved oxygen), temperature and disinfectant cost. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the four selected disinfectants (Dettol, Izal, Z-Germicide and Jik) was determined using the agar diffusion method (disc paper). The results show that Dettol is most effective against the test organisms compared to other disinfectants. All noted the least antimicrobial activity. The phenol coefficient value also shows that Dettol is better when compared to other tested disinfectants. Disinfectant for external use is required to avoid infection or related disease caused by this test microorganism. This counselling was successful even though it encountered several obstacles during implementation. The steps that need to be done in making a disinfectant are determining the ingredients that are safest for humans but effective in eliminating various types of bacteria and viruses. The second stage is the implementation of activities. Activities carried out jointly by employees according to what has been planned. In the third stage, monitoring and evaluation of activities are carried out. This process is also carried out jointly with employees. Employees who work directly to random consumers will really need special knowledge on how to make disinfectant fluids. Keywords: Antiseptic, Disinfectant, Virus

Covid-19 Virus Sterilization Oven Based on Combination Between Ultraviolet and Infrared Emissions

The world is countering an unexpected wide spread of Covid-19 virus. Among the procedures used to prevent spreading the virus are classical and modern sterilization methods. In this paper, we combine the use of ultraviolet emissions, as a modern method, with the infrared emissions that generates high temperature, as a classical method, to design and implement a sterilization oven. Ultraviolet emissions have the ability to destroy the RNA of the virus while the infrared emissions destroy the virus membrane. Test was performed on indicators contains +ve gram rod bacteria which is stronger than the Covid-19 virus in high temperature and UV emission tolerant. Results showed that the UV emissions killed the microorganism in 15 minutes. However, combination between the UV and IR emissions in a sterilization oven succeeded to kill the under test microorganism in five minutes. The combination between the two sources of emission guarantees an effective sterilization process against bacteria, fungus, and viruses. Moreover, it speeds up the sterilization process time.

Antibacterial Activity Research of Sea Buckthorn Meal Flavonoids

The article presents the study results of the antibacterial activity of rutin and quercetin, as well as flavonoids sum extract obtained from the fat-free common sea buckthorn meal (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), in comparison with the state standard sample (SSS) of rutin. According to one of the strategies for effectiveness and therapeutic potential evaluating of biologically active substances (BAS), a man studied the physicochemical parameters of fat-free sea buckthorn meal and the component composition of the flavonoid complex isolated from it. Inhibition of test microorganism cultures by the studied flavonoids showed that quercetin detected the maximum antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and B. mesentericus: the zones diameter of microbial growth suppression exceeds the lysis zones diameter of the SSS rutin comparison sample – 20.0 ± 0.1 mm and 16.0 ± 0.1 mm, respectively, whereas in SSS rutin – 1.0 ± 0.1 mm and 10.0 ± 0.1 mm. The researchers determined the quercetin influence on changes in morphological characteristics of B. subtilis and B. mesentericus by comparing micro-preparations, samples of which were taken from the area of bacterial growth after treatment with quercetin. Thus, the cells of the hay bacillus noticeably decreased in size, and the cells of the potato bacillus changed shape – from stringformed to coccoid-formed, indicating the cells forwardness to a quiescent state, which is a way of survival in the adverse conditions caused by quercetin treatment. To quantify the antibacterial effect of flavonoids, a man developed the inhibition coefficient (Ki) of microbial growth; its maximum value in the quercetin sample is 1900.0% for B. subtilis and 60.0 % for B. mesentericus, which allows to consider this sea buckthorn meal flavanol as a promising micro-ingredient for food bioconservation.

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from leaves of Magnolia coriacea (Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen) figlar growing in Vietnam

Leaf essential oil of Magnolia coriacea (Hung T. Chang & B. L. Chen) Figlar growing wild in the Bat Dai Son Nature Reserve, Ha Giang Province, Viet Nam was obtained by hydrodistillation and its chemical composition was analyzed using GC/MS. In total, 45 compounds were detected in the essential oil, accounting for 87.1% of the oil, in which 37 compounds were identified accounting for 66.9%. Bicyclogermacrene (12.6%) and spathulenol (17.0%) were the main components of the leaf essential oil of M. coriacea. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil sample was tested against three microorganism strains using an agar disk diffusion method. The results show that the inhibitory zone diameters ranged from 8.5 to 20.5 mm. Median inhibitory concentration (IC50) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oil was determined using microdilution broth susceptibility assay against seven test microorganism strains. Bacillus subtilis had the highest sensitivity with IC50 and MIC values of 185.9 and 512 µg/mL, respectively.

Development and Validation of a Microbiological Agar Assay for Determination of Thiamphenicol in Soft Capsules

Background: Thiamphenicol belongs to the amphenicol class of antibiotic and possesses a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. An alternative microbiological assay for quantification of thiamphenicol in pharmaceutical formulations has not yet been reported in the literature. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate an agar diffusion method for quantification of thiamphenicol in soft capsules. Methods: The assay was based on the inhibitory effect of thiamphenicol on the following: a strain of Kocuria rhizophila ATCC 9341, used as the test microorganism, Antibiotic 1culture medium, phosphate buffer pH 6, 0, inoculum at a concentration of 1%, as well as standard and sample solutions at the concentrations of 20.0, 40.0 and 80.0 μg mL-1. Results: The method validation yielded good results for the parameters of linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness and selectivity. The experimental statistic results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The method was found to be linear (r2 = 0.9992) in the range of 20-80 μg mL-1, precise (inter-assay R.S.D = 0.09%), accurate (R.S.D. = 4.65%), specific, and robust. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which allows for reliable quantification of thiamphenicol in a pharmaceutical sample. An alternative methodology for thiamphenicol determination in routine quality control has been reported herein.

IMPROVEMENT OF METHODIC APPROACHES TO THE EVALUATION OF DISINFECTING EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY IN THE SYSTEM OF QUALITY AND SAFETY ASSURANCE FOR ENDOSCOPIC INTERVENTIONS

Introduction. Low quality of endoscope treatment is one of the main risk factors for HAI during endoscopic manipulations. Special equipment is widely used to increase quality and safety of healthcare during the treatment of flexible endoscope. However, to confirm the efficiency of such equipment it is necessary to carry out laboratory experimental studies. Material and methods. A prototype model of domestically developed Device intended for carrying out the stages of final cleaning and high-level disinfection (HLD) of flexible endoscopes was used during research, utilizing the samples of agents with various active ingredients. Flexible endoscopes were used as testing devices. Donor blood was utilized for imitation of organic contamination. Mycobacterium terrae test microorganism culture was used for artificial contamination of testing devices. Results. As a result of studying the efficiency of final cleaning and HLD of flexible endoscopes in the Device after them being used once, negative azopyram samples were identified in all endoscope swabs; also, no growth of test microorganism was registered. During the studies of HLD efficiency in case of multiple use of functional solutions treatment efficiency was registered for 6-8 cycles. After the 12th treatment cycle characteristic growth of test microorganism is observed in the swabs. Efficiency of endoscopes’ decontamination in case of multiple use of a disinfectant based on peroxyacetic acid was confirmed during a work shift after 8 cycles; the decrease of disinfecting agent (DA) concentration by more than 10 times was registered during the shelf life of the functional solution on day 5. Conclusions. Studies indicate the necessity to research the efficiency of devices’ use to determine the conditions ensuring efficiency and safety of healthcare during endoscopic interventions.