scholarly journals Metabolic Dysregulation and Neurovascular Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1244
Author(s):  
Thangal Yumnamcha ◽  
Michael Guerra ◽  
Lalit Pukhrambam Singh ◽  
Ahmed S. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Polyol Pathway ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Glycolytic Flux ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Hexosamine Pathway

Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of ocular complications in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in developed countries. Due to the continued increase in the number of people with obesity and diabetes in the United States of America and globally, the incidence of diabetic retinopathy is expected to increase significantly in the coming years. Diabetic retinopathy is widely accepted as a combination of neurodegenerative and microvascular changes; however, which change occurs first is not yet understood. Although the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is very complex, regulated by numerous signaling pathways and cellular processes, maintaining glucose homeostasis is still an essential component for normal physiological functioning of retinal cells. The maintenance of glucose homeostasis is finely regulated by coordinated interplay between glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis is the most conserved metabolic pathway in biology and is tightly regulated to maintain a steady-state concentration of glycolytic intermediates; this regulation is called scheduled or regulated glycolysis. However, an abnormal increase in glycolytic flux generates large amounts of intermediate metabolites that can be shunted into different damaging pathways including the polyol pathway, hexosamine pathway, diacylglycerol-dependent activation of the protein kinase C pathway, and Amadori/advanced glycation end products (AGEs) pathway. In addition, disrupting the balance between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation leads to other biochemical and molecular changes observed in diabetic retinopathy including endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria miscommunication and mitophagy dysregulation. This review will focus on how dysregulation of glycolysis contributes to diabetic retinopathy.

scholarly journals Retinal Redox Stress and Remodeling in Cardiometabolic Syndrome and Diabetes

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 392-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Yang ◽  
Melvin R. Hayden ◽  
Susan Sowers ◽  
Sarika V. Bagree ◽  
James R. Sowers
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Polyol Pathway ◽  
The United States ◽  
Redox Stress ◽  
Blood Retinal Barrier ◽  
Cardiometabolic Syndrome ◽  
Hexosamine Pathway ◽  
Pathway Flux

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant cause of global blindness; a major cause of blindness in the United States in people aged between 20–74. There is emerging evidence that retinopathy is initiated and propagated by multiple metabolic toxicities associated with excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The four traditional metabolic pathways involved in the development of DR include: increased polyol pathway flux, advanced glycation end-product formation, activation of protein kinase Cisoforms and hexosamine pathway flux. These pathways individually and synergisticallycontribute to redox stress with excess ROS resulting in retinal tissue injury resulting in significant microvascular blood retinal barrier remodeling. The toxicity of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, increased cytokines and growth factors, in conjunction with redox stress, contribute to the development and progression of DR. Redox stress contributes to the development and progression of abnormalities of endothelial cells and pericytes in DR. This review focuses on the ultrastructural observations of the blood retinal barrier including the relationship between the endothelial cell and pericyte remodeling in young nine week old Zucker obese (fa/ fa) rat model of obesity; cardiometabolic syndrome, and the 20 week old alloxan induced diabetic porcine model. Preventing or delaying the blindness associated with these intersecting abnormal metabolic pathways may be approached through strategies targeted to reduction of tissue inflammation and oxidative—redox stress. Understanding these abnormal metabolic pathways and the accompanying redox stress and remodeling mayprovide both the clinician and researcher a new concept of approaching this complicated disease process

scholarly journals Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetic Retinopathy, General Preventive Strategies, and Novel Therapeutic Targets

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sher Zaman Safi ◽  
Rajes Qvist ◽  
Selva Kumar ◽  
Kalaivani Batumalaie ◽  
Ikram Shah Bin Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Polyol Pathway ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Hexosamine Pathway ◽  
Pathway Flux

The growing number of people with diabetes worldwide suggests that diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) will continue to be sight threatening factors. The pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is a widespread cause of visual impairment in the world and a range of hyperglycemia-linked pathways have been implicated in the initiation and progression of this condition. Despite understanding the polyol pathway flux, activation of protein kinase C (KPC) isoforms, increased hexosamine pathway flux, and increased advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation, pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetes induced vision loss are not fully understood. The purpose of this paper is to review molecular mechanisms that regulate cell survival and apoptosis of retinal cells and discuss new and exciting therapeutic targets with comparison to the old and inefficient preventive strategies. This review highlights the recent advancements in understanding hyperglycemia-induced biochemical and molecular alterations, systemic metabolic factors, and aberrant activation of signaling cascades that ultimately lead to activation of a number of transcription factors causing functional and structural damage to retinal cells. It also reviews the established interventions and emerging molecular targets to avert diabetic retinopathy and its associated risk factors.

scholarly journals Unveiling the Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems and Patent Literature for Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 6651-6667
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Polyol Pathway ◽  
Proliferative Retinopathy ◽  
Panretinal Photocoagulation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hexosamine Pathway ◽  
Patent Literature ◽  
And Control

Diabetes mellitus is a principal reason for globally developing chronic microvascular disorders defined as diabetic retinopathy (DR). Proliferative retinopathy and non-proliferative retinopathy are the two types of DR. Long-term diabetes, and poor blood sugar and arterial blood pressure regulation are the key risk factors for the onset and advancement of DR. A variety of biochemical pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of DR, which includes increased polyol pathway fluxes, advanced glycation end product growth, protein kinase C isoform activation, and increased hexosamine pathway flux. The varieties of cells are involved in diabetic retinopathy, including glial cells, retinal ganglion cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes. Surgical treatment of DR includes laser treatment, panretinal photocoagulation, focal laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy surgery. The systemic treatment of DR includes glycemic management and control of blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. Nanotechnology-based formulations like nanoparticles, polymeric nanomicelles, and nanocarrier composite, and various patented formulations have been investigated for the treatment of DR.

1579-P: Prevalence and Incidence of Obesity and Diabetes in the United States, 2011-2017

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1579-P
Author(s):  
JANNIE NIELSEN ◽  
ED GREGG ◽  
K.M. VENKAT NARAYAN ◽  
SOLVEIG A. CUNNINGHAM
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes

The Washington Consensus, liberal ideas and terms of the military-technological policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2103-2123
Author(s):  
V.L. Gladyshevskii ◽  
E.V. Gorgola ◽  
D.V. Khudyakov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
Industrial Complexes ◽  
The Military

Subject. In the twentieth century, the most developed countries formed a permanent military economy represented by military-industrial complexes, which began to perform almost a system-forming role in national economies, acting as the basis for ensuring national security, and being an independent military and political force. The United States is pursuing a pronounced militaristic policy, has almost begun to unleash a new "cold war" against Russia and to unwind the arms race, on the one hand, trying to exhaust the enemy's economy, on the other hand, to reindustrialize its own economy, relying on the military-industrial complex. Objectives. We examine the evolution, main features and operational distinctions of the military-industrial complex of the United States and that of the Russian Federation, revealing sources of their military-technological and military-economic advancement in comparison with other countries. Methods. The study uses military-economic analysis, scientific and methodological apparatus of modern institutionalism. Results. Regulating the national economy and constant monitoring of budget financing contribute to the rise of military production, especially in the context of austerity and crisis phenomena, which, in particular, justifies the irrelevance of institutionalists' conclusions about increasing transaction costs and intensifying centralization in the industrial production management with respect to to the military-industrial complex. Conclusions. Proving to be much more efficient, the domestic military-industrial complex, without having such access to finance as the U.S. military monopolies, should certainly evolve and progress, strengthening the coordination, manageability, planning, maximum cost reduction, increasing labor productivity, and implementing an internal quality system with the active involvement of the State and its resources.

On the prospects of application of nanostructured heterophase polyfunctional composite materials inengine building industry

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
O. B. Silchenko ◽  
M. V. Siluyanova ◽  
V. Е. Nizovtsev ◽  
D. A. Klimov ◽  
A. A. Kornilov
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Gas Turbine Engines ◽  
Nanostructured Composite ◽  
Polymer Metal ◽  
Long Operation ◽  
Prospects Of Application

The paper gives a brief review of properties and applications of developed extra-hard nanostructured composite materials and coatings based on them. The presentresearch suggestsaerospace applications of nanostructured composite materials based on carbides, carbonitrides and diboridesof transition and refractory metals. To improve the technical and economic performance of gas turbine engines, it is advisable to use new composite structural materials whose basic physicomechanical properties are several times superior to traditional ones. The greatest progress in developing new composites should be expected in the area of materials created on the basis of polymer, metal, intermetallic and ceramic matrices. Currently components and assemblies of gas turbine engines and multiple lighting power units with long operation life and durability will vigorously develop. Next-generation composites are studied in all developed countries, primarily in the United States and Japan.

Operation of a hyperbaric oxygen therapy center in Korea: Report of our experience from a setting in its nascent stages

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Yoon Seop Kim ◽  
Yoonsuk Lee ◽  
Sun Ju Kim ◽  
Sung Oh Hwang ◽  
Yong Sung Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Hyperbaric Medicine ◽  
Therapy Center ◽  
Hbo2 Therapy

Purpose: Hyperbaric medicine is nascent in Korea when compared to other developed countries, such as the United States and Japan. Our facility has been managed by physicians with certifications from the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in diving and clinical diseases since October 2016. This study was conducted to share similar issues that are encountered during the establishment of a program in a new area through our experiences in the operation of a hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy center. Methods: In this retrospective observational study we collected data on HBO2 patients treated at our center between October 2016 and June 2018 after HBO2 was conducted by HBO2-certified physicians. We then compared demographic data of patients with data from January 2011 to September 2015 – before HBO2 operations were conducted by HBO2-certified physicians. Result: A total of 692 patients received 5,130 treatments. Twelve indicated diseases were treated using HBO2 therapy. Fifty-six critically ill patients with intubation received HBO2. Although two patients experienced seizure due to oxygen toxicity during the study period, certified physicians and inside attendant took immediate corrective action. Conclusion: After the establishment of the HBO2 center operated by physicians with certification, more patients, including critically ill patients, received HBO2 safely for various diseases. In order to improve the practice of hyperbaric medicine in Korea, the Korean Academy of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine (KAUHM), an advanced and well-organized academic society, should communicate often with HBO2 centers, with the aim to set Korean education programs at UHMS course levels and increase reimbursement for HBO2 therapy.

Australia—The Hidden Jewel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh K. Joshi ◽  
J.R. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dutch Disease

The twenty-first century is being touted as the Asian century. With its stable economy, good governance, education system, and above all the abundant natural resources, will Australia to take its place in the global economy by becoming more entrepreneurial and accelerating its rate of growth, or will it get infected with the so-called Dutch disease? It has been successful in managing trade ties with fast-developing economies like China and India as well as developed countries like the United States. It has participated in the growth of China by providing iron ore and coal. Because it is a low-risk country, it has enabled inflow of large foreign capital investments. A lot will depend on its capability and willingness to invest the capital available in entrepreneurial ventures, its ability to capture the full value chain of natural resources, and to export the finished products instead of raw materials, while building a robust manufacturing sector.

scholarly journals An integrated overview on the regulation of sperm metabolism (glycolysis-Krebs cycle-oxidative phosphorylation)

2021 ◽  
pp. 106805
Author(s):  
Fernando J. Peña ◽  
José M. Ortiz-Rodríguez ◽  
Gemma L. Gaitskell-Phillips ◽  
Maria C. Gil ◽  
Cristina Ortega-Ferrusola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Krebs Cycle

scholarly journals Diabetic Retinopathy Prediction by Ensemble Learning Based on Biochemical and Physical Data

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3663
Author(s):  
Zun Shen ◽  
Qingfeng Wu ◽  
Zhi Wang ◽  
Guoyi Chen ◽  
Bin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Ensemble Learning ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Feature Reduction ◽  
Physical Data ◽  
Diabetes Retinopathy

(1) Background: Diabetic retinopathy, one of the most serious complications of diabetes, is the primary cause of blindness in developed countries. Therefore, the prediction of diabetic retinopathy has a positive impact on its early detection and treatment. The prediction of diabetic retinopathy based on high-dimensional and small-sample-structured datasets (such as biochemical data and physical data) was the problem to be solved in this study. (2) Methods: This study proposed the XGB-Stacking model with the foundation of XGBoost and stacking. First, a wrapped feature selection algorithm, XGBIBS (Improved Backward Search Based on XGBoost), was used to reduce data feature redundancy and improve the effect of a single ensemble learning classifier. Second, in view of the slight limitation of a single classifier, a stacking model fusion method, Sel-Stacking (Select-Stacking), which keeps Label-Proba as the input matrix of meta-classifier and determines the optimal combination of learners by a global search, was used in the XGB-Stacking model. (3) Results: XGBIBS greatly improved the prediction accuracy and the feature reduction rate of a single classifier. Compared to a single classifier, the accuracy of the Sel-Stacking model was improved to varying degrees. Experiments proved that the prediction model of XGB-Stacking based on the XGBIBS algorithm and the Sel-Stacking method made effective predictions on diabetes retinopathy. (4) Conclusion: The XGB-Stacking prediction model of diabetic retinopathy based on biochemical and physical data had outstanding performance. This is highly significant to improve the screening efficiency of diabetes retinopathy and reduce the cost of diagnosis.

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