scholarly journals Eco-Compatible Construction Materials Containing Ceramic Sludge and Packaging Glass Cullet

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3545
Author(s):  
Fernanda Andreola ◽  
Isabella Lancellotti ◽  
Paolo Pozzi ◽  
Luisa Barbieri
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Glass Cullet ◽  
Commercial Glass ◽  
Packaging Glass ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This research reports results of eco-compatible building material obtained without natural raw materials. A mixture of sludge from a ceramic wastewater treatment plant and glass cullet from the urban collection was used to obtain high sintered products suitable to be used as covering floor/wall tiles in buildings. The fired samples were tested by water absorption, linear shrinkage, apparent density, and mechanical and chemical properties. Satisfactory results were achieved from densification properties and SEM/XRD analyses showed a compact polycrystalline microstructure with albite and wollastonite embedded in the glassy phase, similar to other commercial glass-ceramics. Besides, the products were obtained with a reduction of 200 °C with respect to the firing temperatures of commercial ones. Additionally, the realized materials were undergone to leaching test following Italian regulation to evaluate the mobility of hazardous ions present into the sludge. The data obtained verified that after thermal treatment the heavy metals were immobilized into the ceramic matrix without further environmental impact for the product use. The results of the research confirm that this valorization of matter using only residues produces glass ceramics high sintered suitable to be used as tile with technological properties similar or higher than commercial ones.

scholarly journals Composition and Technological Properties of Clays for Structural Ceramics in Limpopo (South Africa)

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
Lawrence Diko-Makia ◽  
Rofhiwa Ligege
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Structural Ceramics ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clayey Silt ◽  
Firing Techniques ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This study evaluated the potential of raw clays from the Mukondeni region for structural ceramics and pottery based on traditional firing techniques. Physical properties were identified by particle size distribution, consistency limits, and clay activity. Mineralogical and chemical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Extruded clay bodies were fired at 900 °C. Technological characteristics were measured by weight loss (WL), bulk density (BD), dry linear shrinkage (DLS), fired linear shrinkage (FLS), water absorption (WA), and flexural strength (FS). The clays were low in <2 µm fractions (≤19%) and of medium to high plasticity with a clayey silt texture. Smectite was the dominant clay mineral while quartz and feldspar were major non clay minerals. The most abundant oxides were SiO2 (63.57–68.73%), Al2O3 (13.9–15.61%), and Fe2O3 (4.86–6.18%), whereas K2O, CaO, MgO, Na2O, TiO2, and P2O5 were depleted. Characterization based on the clay workability chart, Winkler’s diagram, and compositional ternary diagrams revealed acceptable extrusion properties and suitability for structural ceramics and earthenware. The clays showed acceptable WL, BD, LS, and WA, but unsatisfactory FS (≤1.08 MPa). Low mechanical strength was attributed to presence of smectites and inert nature of feldspar at 900 °C. Beneficiation through mixing with carbonate-rich raw materials is recommended.

Glass-Ceramics Obtained from Sewage Sludge and its Characteristics Affected by Alkalinity

2014 ◽  
Vol 937 ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
Di Wu ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xing Wang Wen ◽  
Hui Ling Liu
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Sewage sludge was tested as component for producing glass-ceramics with the addition of analytic reagent CaO to solve the sewage sludge disposal problems. The effect of alkalinity (Ak=mCaO/mSiO2) on the characteristics of the glass-ceramics was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate thermal behavior and crystalline phase of the samples. It was found that the degree and characteristics of crystals in vitrified sludge significantly correlate to the alkalinity of the raw materials. The glass-ceramics with Ak = 0.36 possessed the best physical and chemical properties.

Diesel Biofuels - Preparation, Characterization and Testing

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Dusescu ◽  
Anca Borcea ◽  
Vasile Matei ◽  
Ion Popa ◽  
Irina Gabriela Radulescu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The present paper studies biodiesel samples preparation by transesterification and compares their physical and chemical properties (biofuels prepared from different raw materials - vegetable oils: sunflower oil, crocus oil and soya bean oil) and the biodegradability degree, as well as the possibilities of the integration of such production unit in industrial diagram of auto fuels production.

Thermal and chemical properties of TiO2-SiO2 porous glass-ceramics

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 2583-2588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshinori Kokubu ◽  
Masayuki Yamane
Keyword(s):  
Porous Glass ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
And Chemical Properties

scholarly journals Study of the Incorporation of Biomass Bottom Ash as a Filler for Discontinuous Grading Bituminous Mixtures with Bitumen Emulsion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3334
Author(s):  
Jorge Suárez-Macías ◽  
Juan María Terrones-Saeta ◽  
Francisco Javier Iglesias-Godino ◽  
Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Bituminous Mixtures ◽  
Bitumen Emulsion ◽  
Main Disadvantage ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Energy consumption, because of population development, is progressively increasing. For this reason, new sources of energy are being developed, such as that produced from the combustion of biomass. However, this type of renewable energy has one main disadvantage, the production of waste. Biomass bottom ash is a residue of this industry that currently has not much use. For this reason, this research evaluates its use as a filler in bituminous mixtures, since this sector also has a significant impact on the environment, as it requires large quantities of raw materials. With this objective, first, the physical and chemical properties of biomass bottom ashes were evaluated, verifying their characteristics for their use as filler. Subsequently, bituminous mixtures were conformed with biomass bottom ash as filler, and their physical and mechanical properties were analyzed through particle loss and Marshall tests. The results of these tests were compared with those obtained with the same type of mixture but with conventional and ophite aggregates. This study confirmed that biomass bottom ash was viable for use as a filler, creating mixtures with a higher percentage of bitumen, better mechanical behavior, and similar physical properties. In short, more sustainable material for roads was obtained with waste currently condemned to landfill.

scholarly journals The effect of microstructural features on the mechanical properties of LZSA glass-ceramic matrix composites

Cerâmica ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (351) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Bertan ◽  
A. P. Novaes de Oliveira ◽  
O. R. K. Montedo ◽  
D. Hotza ◽  
C. R. Rambo
Keyword(s):  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Ceramic Matrix ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Particulate Reinforced ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This work reports on the characterization of ZrSiO4 particulate-reinforced Li2O-ZrO2-SiO2-Al2O3 (LZSA) glass-ceramic matrix composites. The typical physical/mechanical and chemical properties of the glass batches and the composites were measured. A composition with 60 wt.% ZrSiO4 was preliminarily selected because it demonstrated the highest values of bending strength (190 MPa) and deep abrasion resistance (51 mm³). To this same composition was given a 7 wt.% bentonite addition in order to obtain plasticity behavior suitable for extrusion. The sintered samples (1150 ºC for 10 min) presented a thermal linear shrinkage of 14% and bending strength values of 220 MPa.

scholarly journals Investigation of Microbial Contamination and Physicochemical Properties of Compounded Medications in Pharmacies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-93
Author(s):  
Reihaneh Radmanesh ◽  
◽  
Mohsen Nabi Meybodi ◽  
Vahid Ramezani ◽  
Maryam Akrami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Made In ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Aims: Any pharmaceutical product made in pharmacy, hospital or factory may be contaminated with microbes. This contamination can originate from raw materials or during production. Hence, it is important to study the physical and chemical properties and stability of compounded drugs. Methods & Materials: In this study, first a specific sample of prescribed medication was ordered from 63 pharmacies in Yazd, Iran. After collecting the samples, the amount of microbial contamination, viscosity and particle size distribution and their stability were investigated and their results were compared to the standard levels. Findings: Based on the results, 31.7% of the samples had discoloration and 23.8% showed creaming phenomenon. In terms of particle size distribution, 57.1% of the samples had a 20-40 μm particle size and 49.2% had a viscosity equal to 2500-3000 centipoise. Regarding stability, 12.6% of the samples underwnet phase change at 30-40°C. About of the amount of hydroquinone in samples, 35% had acceptable amount. In 23.8% of the samples, fungal infection was observed. Conclusion: Contrary to a popular belief that the compounded medicines produced in pharmacies have microbial contamination, the results of this study showed that the microbial contamination of these compounded medications is low.

scholarly journals Influence of temperature regimes of ripening and fermentation stages on the physical and chemical properties of cream and sour-cream butter quality indicators

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. Bondarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Sour Cream ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Physical and chemical properties of cream multistep modes of ripening and fermentations are investigation and their role in the production of sour-cream butter is studied. The process of ripening of cream was carried out multistep, regimes were selected depending on seasonal changes in the composition of milk fat. For raw materials of the autumn-winter period, for the values of iodine number 29.1–34.5, the first stage of ripening was carried out at a temperature of 8°C for 2 hours, the second stage – at 21°C for 7 hours, the third stage – at 13°C for 10 hours. For raw of spring-summer period, for the values of iodine number 34.5–40.1, the first stage of ripening was carried out at 21°C for 6 hours, the second stage – at 13°C for 4 hours, the third stage – at 8°C for 8 hours. It has been established that individual modes of low-temperature cream preparation, taking into account seasonal changes in the composition of milk fat, make it possible to obtain cream before churning almost with the same indexes of effective viscosity. The content of the crystalline phase of milk fat under both temperature regimes was 38.7–40.1%, which is sufficient to obtain of proper consistency sour-cream butter. The content of diacetyl and volatile organic acids more depend on the level of fermentation of cream than on the technological regimes of ripening and seasonality of raw materials. It has been proved that an increase in the fermentation degree of cream promotes an increase in the acidity of plasma and the content of aroma-producing components in the butter, and, accordingly, affects the degree of the sour taste. It is recommended for the production of cultured butter to begin the cream when the acidity of the plasma reaches 60ºT, which ensures the formation of high sensorial characteristic of the finished product.

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