scholarly journals Highland Barley Replaces Sorghum as Raw Material to Make Shanxi Aged Vinegar

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6039
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Jingli Zhou ◽  
Fanfan Lang ◽  
Yu Zheng ◽  
Fusheng Chen

Highland barley (HB, Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f.), also known as naked or hulless barley, is a kind of cereal crop growing at high altitudes (4200–4500 m) around the world. In this study, HB vinegar (HBV) was prepared, using Tibetan HB as the main raw material, according to the process of Shanxi aged vinegar (SAV), a famous vinegar in China, in which sorghum is usually used as the main raw material. The related main compounds, such as alcohol and acetic acid, in the alcohol and acetic acid fermentation processes were monitored and analyzed, respectively. The flavor components in the aged vinegars were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction, combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and compared with sorghum vinegar (SV), which was made, using sorghum as the raw material, based on the SAV process. The results revealed that at the alcohol fermentation stage, the alcohol content of HB mash was higher than that of the sorghum mash (p < 0.05), and at the acetic acid fermentation stages of HBV and SV, the total acid contents were 6.23 and 5.81 (g·100 mL−1 and p < 0.05), respectively. After aging one and a half years, the contents of non-volatile acid, volatile acid, and ester compounds in HBV were higher than those in SV. Therefore, HB can replace sorghum as the raw material for making SAV. Based on a literature search, the comparison and analysis of the main components and volatile flavor compounds of HBV and SV were not studied before.

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Minhye Shin ◽  
Jeong-Won Kim ◽  
Bonbin Gu ◽  
Sooah Kim ◽  
Hojin Kim ◽  
...  

Vinegar, composed of various organic acids, amino acids, and volatile compounds, has been newly recognized as a functional food with health benefits. Vinegar is produced through alcoholic fermentation of various raw materials followed by acetic acid fermentation, and detailed processes greatly vary between different vinegar products. This study performed metabolite profiling of various vinegar products using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify metabolites that are specific to vinegar production processes. In particular, seven traditional vinegars that underwent spontaneous and slow alcoholic and acetic acid fermentations were compared to four commercial vinegars that were produced through fast acetic acid fermentation using distilled ethanol. A total of 102 volatile and 78 nonvolatile compounds were detected, and the principal component analysis of metabolites clearly distinguished between the traditional and commercial vinegars. Ten metabolites were identified as specific or significantly different compounds depending on vinegar production processes, most of which had originated from complex microbial metabolism during traditional vinegar fermentation. These process-specific compounds of vinegars may serve as potential biomarkers for fermentation process controls as well as authenticity and quality evaluation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
Lucas Caldeirão Rodrigues Miranda ◽  
Rodrigo José Gomes ◽  
osé Marcos Gontijo Mandarino ◽  
Elza Iouko Ida ◽  
Wilma Aparecida Spinosa ◽  
...  

Soybean molasses is a by-product from the production of protein concentrate from soybean meal that predominantly contains sugars, with sucrose as the major component. In Brazil, soybean molasses is used for animal feed or it is discarded, although some industries use it to produce ethanol. This study aims to evaluate the parameters required for the acetic acid fermentation of soybean molasses, and characterise the resultant vinegar. To study the most suitable parameters for the acetic acid fermentation, vinegar was produced from the alcoholic fermentation of soybean molasses through eight fermentation cycles: five for adaptation and three for production. The average acidity of the acetic acid fermentation product was 50.60 g/L, with an acetic acid fermentation yield, total yield of acetic acid in broth and productivity 65.01 %, 92.76 % and 0.033 g/(L·h), respectively. The vinegar produced from soybean molasses had an acidity of 5.07 % (m/V), residual ethanol content 0.17 % (m/V), sugars 7.86 % (m/V), dry extract 14.67 % (m/V), ash 2.27 % (m/V) and a density of 1.023 g/cm3. The contents of total phenolics and isoflavone decreased after the alcohol and acetic acid fermentations. Moreover, the isoflavone profile of the fermented product comprised only three forms: daidzein, glycitin and genistin. According to our results, 3460 L of vinegar can be produced for every tonne of soy molasses, with an acetic acid concentration of 40 g/L, the minimum required by the legislation on vinegar production. Thus, these findings demonstrate that soy molasses represents a useful raw material for the production of vinegar.


2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
G.P. Ganda Putra ◽  
Ni Made Wartini ◽  
Luh Putu Trisna Darmayanti

The pulp water as byproduct of cocoa beans fermentation is  potential to be used as a raw material for making cocoa vinegar,  but unfortunately the content of acetic acid is relatively low. So  that, it is necessary to increase the content of acetic acid, by  performed further fermentation method with several addition of  carbon sources (sugar and alcohol) and fermentation time. The  purposes of this research were: (1) to study the effect of the  addition of sugar, alcohol and fermentation time on different  urther fermentation method on the characteristics of cocoa vinegar  and (2) to determine the optimal further fermentation  method and fermentation time for the production of cocoa vinegar  with the highest content of acetic acid. Several  fermentation methods were conducted by using three different  methods e.g.the alcoholic and acetic acid fermentation (2 stages),  acetic acid fermentation (1 stage), and fermentation  without inoculum (natural). The experimental design of this study was using a factorial BRD two factors on the 2 stages and the 1 stage fermentation method, as well as the simple RBD on the  natural fermentation. The first factor on the 2 stages fermentation methods used two different inoculum e.g. Saccharomyces  cerevisiae and Acetobacter aceti, 4 different concentration of sugar (4, 6, 8 and 10 %), while on the 1 stage fermentation method  used inoculum Acetobacter aceti, is 4 different concentrations of  alcohol addition (6, 8, 10, and 12 %), while the second factor is  the same, namely 6 levels of fermentation time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20,  and 25 days). Meanwhile, the treatment of fermentation time  on the natural fermentation method was the same as the  second factor. All methods of fermentation were performed at  room temperature in 2 blocks/replications.The results showed  that: 1) the characteristics of cocoa vinegar and OD660 of watery  pulp were affected by : (1) the treatment of the sugar addition  and fermentation time and their interaction on the 2 stages  fermentation method by the treatment of the alcohol addition and  fermentation time, their interaction on the 1 stage  fermentation method, and by the treatment of fermentation time  on the natural fermentation method, and (2) the cocoa vinegar  with the highest content of acetic acid was produced on the 2  stages fermentation method by the addition of 6 % sugar within  25 days (2.35 %), on the 1 stage fermentation method by the   ddition of 10 % alcohol within 20 days (3.37 %), and on the  natural fermentation method within 15 days (2.65 %),  respectively. Our result showed that the 1 stage fermentation  method with the addition of 10 % alcohol using inoculum of  Acetobacter aceti within 20 days is the most optimal further  fermentation method for the production of cocoa vinegar.ABSTRAKCairan pulpa hasil samping fermentasi biji kakao berpotensi  sebagai bahan baku pembuatan cuka kakao, tetapi kadar asam asetat yang dihasilkan relatif rendah. Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan  upaya peningkatan kadar asam asetat antara lain dengan melakukan beberapa metode fermentasi lanjutan dengan variasi penambahan sumber karbon (gula dan alkohol) dan lama fermentasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) mengkaji pengaruh  penambahan gula, alkohol dan lama fermentasi pada metode  fermentasi lanjutan yang berbeda terhadap karakteristik cuka  kakao dan (2) menetapkan metode fermentasi lanjutan dan  lama fermentasi yang optimal untuk produksi cuka kakao dengan kadar asam asetat tertinggi. Metode fermentasi lanjutan yang  dilakukan terdiri dari 3 metode yaitu: fermentasi alkohol dan  asam asetat (2 tahap), fermentasi asam asetat (1 tahap), dan  fermentasi tanpa inokulum (alami). Rancangan percobaan pada  penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK)  faktorial 2 faktor pada metode fermentasi 2 tahap dan 1 tahap, serta RAK faktor tunggal pada fermentasi alami. Faktor I pada  metode fermentasi 2 tahap yang menggunakan inokulum Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan Acetobacter aceti, adalah  penambahan gula 4 konsentrasi (4, 6, 8, dan 10 %), dan pada metode fermentasi 1 tahap, yang menggunakan inokulum  Acetobacter aceti, adalah penambahan alkohol 4 konsentrasi (6,  8, 10, dan 12 %), sedangkan faktor II lama fermentasi (0, 5, 10,  15, 20, dan 25 hari). Sementara itu perlakuan lama fermentasi pada metode fermentasi alami sama seperti pada  faktor II. Semua metode fermentasi dilakukan pada suhu kamar  dalam 2 kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1)  karakteristik cuka kakao dan OD660 cairan pulpa dipengaruhi  oleh perlakuan penambahan gula dan lama fermentasi serta  interaksinya pada metode fermentasi 2 tahap dan oleh perlakuan penambahan alkohol dan lama fermentasi serta  interaksinya pada fermentasi 1 tahap, serta oleh perlakuan lama  fermentasi alami, dan (2) cuka kakao dengan kadar asam asetat  tertinggi masing-masing dihasilkan pada fermentasi 2  tahap dengan penambahan gula cenderung 6 % dalam waktu 25 hari (2,35 %), fermentasi 1 tahap dengan penambahan alkohol 10 % dalam waktu 20 hari (3,37 %), dan fermentasi alami dalam  waktu 15 hari (2,65 %). Dengan demikian metode fermentasi 1  tahap dengan penambahan alkohol 10 % menggunakan  inokulum Acetobacter aceti dalam waktu 20 hari merupakan metode fermentasi lanjutan yang paling optimal untuk produksi cuka kakao.


2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1175-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Zhiyong Huang ◽  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Zhenming Lu ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella A. Ordoudi ◽  
Fani Mantzouridou ◽  
Eleni Daftsiou ◽  
Christine Malo ◽  
Efimia Hatzidimitriou ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Yang Chen ◽  
Ye Bai ◽  
Dongsheng Li ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Ning Xu ◽  
...  

Abstract Acetic acid fermentation is an essential step in the production of high-quality fruit vinegar and typically involves the use of acetic acid bacteria (AAB). The present study showed that the high cell mass and acetic acid yields of ethanol-tolerant AAB under high ethanol conditions were related to the high activities and stability of both pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and PQQ-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase. Additionally, in acetic acid fermentation with watermelon wine (8 % ethanol), the main organic acids (acetic, tartaric and malic acids) produced by ethanol-tolerant Acetobacter pasteurianus AAB4 were higher than those by conventional A. pasteurianus AS1.41 (1.42-fold, 3.53-fold and 2.12-fold, respectively). Also, the main esters (ethyl acetate and phenylethyl acetate) produced by AAB4 were higher than those by AS1.41 (1.69-fold and 1.48-fold, respectively). In addition, the total sweet and umami free amino acids produced by AAB4 increased significantly. According to sensory analysis, the flavor, taste and overall acceptance score of watermelon vinegar produced by AAB4 were significantly higher than those by AS1.41. Therefore, high ethanol fermentation with ethanol-tolerant AAB improved the flavor and quality of watermelon vinegar, indicating that this technology can be applied to fruit vinegar production.


2019 ◽  
pp. 299-325
Author(s):  
Isidoro García-García ◽  
Jorge E. Jiménez-Hornero ◽  
Inés María Santos-Dueñas ◽  
Zoilo González-Granados ◽  
Ana María Cañete-Rodríguez

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