Effect Evaluation of Forward Collision Warning System Using IoT Log and Virtual Driving Simulation Data

Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) are primarily known for their positive impact in improving the safety of drivers. Previous studies primarily analyzed the positive effects of ADAS with short-term experiments and accident data without considering the long-term changes in drivers’ safety perception. The human factor is the most dominant among factors that cause traffic accidents, and safety effect evaluation should be performed considering changes in human errors. To this end, this study classified the safety effect of ADAS-forward collision warning (FCW) on taxi drivers in Seoul into behavioral control and attitude change to perform analysis on respective factors. With regard to behavioral control, virtual driving simulation was used to analyze the reaction time of drivers and deceleration rate, and for attitude change, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series analysis was employed to predict the long-term perception change of drivers. The analysis results indicated that, in terms of behavioral control, ADAS-FCW reduces the cognitive reaction time of drivers in risk situations on the road, similar to the findings in previous studies. However, in terms of attitude change, ADAS-FCW has the adverse long-term effect of increasing violations in maintaining safety distance in the case of nighttime-drivers under 60 years old. As can be seen from these results, new technologies in the road safety arena can have a short-term effect of improving safety with behavioral control but may have a negative impact in the long term. The results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for reference in the safety evaluation of ADAS and traffic safety facilities.

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Controlled trial of the short- and long-term effect of psychological treatment of post-partum depression

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.182.5.412 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 182 (5) ◽

pp. 412-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 255

Author(s):

Peter J. Cooper ◽

Lynne Murray ◽

Anji Wilson ◽

Helena Romaniuk

Keyword(s):

Primary Care ◽

Postnatal Depression ◽

Post Partum ◽

Psychodynamic Therapy ◽

Term Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Post Partum Depression ◽

Maternal Mood ◽

Long Term Effect

BackgroundPsychological interventions for postnatal depression can be beneficial in the short term but their longer-term impact is unknown.AimsTo evaluate the long-term effect on maternal mood of three psychological treatments in relation to routine primary care.MethodWomen with post-partum depression (n=193) were assigned randomly to one of four conditions: routine primary care, non-directive counselling, cognitive–behavioural therapy or psychodynamic therapy. They were assessed immediately after the treatment phase (at 4.5 months) and at 9, 18 and 60 months post-partum.ResultsCompared with the control, all three treatments had a significant impact at 4.5 months on maternal mood (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS). Only psychodynamic therapy produced a rate of reduction in depression (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–III–R) significantly superior to that of the control. The benefit of treatment was no longer apparent by 9 months post-partum. Treatment did not reduce subsequent episodes of post-partum depression.ConclusionsPsychological intervention for post-partum depression improves maternal mood (EPDS) in the short term. However, this benefit is not superior to spontaneous remission in the long term.

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Exercise therapy is effective at improving short- and long-term mobility, ADL and balance in older patients following hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glab236 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Signe Hulsbæk ◽

Carsten Juhl ◽

Alice Røpke ◽

Thomas Bandholm ◽

Morten Tange Kristensen

Keyword(s):

Hip Fracture ◽

Exercise Therapy ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Older Patients ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Term Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Moderate Effect

Abstract Background A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the short- and long-term effect of exercise therapy on physical function, independence and wellbeing in older patients following hip fracture, and secondly, whether the effect was modified by trial level characteristics such as intervention modality, duration and initiation timepoint. Methods Medline, CENTRAL, Embase, CINAHL and PEDro was searched up-to November 2020. Eligibility criteria was randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of exercise therapy on physical function, independence and wellbeing in older patients following hip fracture, initiated from time of surgery up-to 1-year. Results Forty-nine studies involving 3905 participants showed a small to moderate effect of exercise therapy at short term (end of intervention) on mobility (Standardized mean difference, SMD 0.49, 95%CI 0.22-0.76); Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (SMD 0.31, 95%CI 0.16-0.46); lower limb muscle strength (SMD 0.36, 95%CI 0.13-0.60); balance (SMD 0.34, 95%CI 0.14-0.54). At long term (closest to 1-year), small to moderate effects were found for mobility (SMD 0.74, 95%CI 0.15-1.34); ADL (SMD 0.42, 95%CI 0.23-0.61); balance (SMD 0.50, 95%CI 0.07-0.94) and Health related Quality of Life (HRQoL) (SMD 0.31, 95%CI 0.03-0.59). Certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE ranging from moderate to very low, due to study limitation and inconsistency. Conclusion We found low certainty of evidence for a moderate effect of exercise therapy on mobility in older patients following hip fracture at end-of-treatment and follow-up. Further, low evidence was found for small to moderate short-term effect on ADL, lower limb muscle strength and balance.

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A Closer Look at the Culture of Infidelity

The Sport Marriage ◽

10.5622/illinois/9780252043161.003.0008 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 180-200

Author(s):

Steven M. Ortiz

Keyword(s):

Professional Sports ◽

Short Term ◽

The Road ◽

Emotional Relationships ◽

The World ◽

On The Road ◽

The One ◽

Communication Methods

This chapter takes a deeper look at the culture of infidelity that pervades the world of professional sports, why wives share a universal fear that their husbands will be unfaithful, and how they are affected by the possibility or actuality that their husbands will engage in sexual or emotional relationships with other women. Three patterns of infidelity are identified in the context of the sport marriage: the one-time encounter, the short-term affair, and the long-term affair. The concept of suspicion work is introduced to examine how wives try to manage the fear that their husbands may succumb to temptation and to specify how denial can be part of this process. The chapter discusses re-entry routines and communication methods some couples use when husbands return from travel, and the boundaries of fidelity and forgiveness wives establish as they attempt to cope with the realities of their husbands’ lives on the road.

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A comparison of the effects of body condition and short-term food restriction on the feeding behaviour of sheep

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600031408 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 174-174

Author(s):

A.M. Sibbald

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Body Condition ◽

Feeding Behaviour ◽

Food Restriction ◽

Term Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Daily Food ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Single Meal

Voluntary food intake is generally inversely related to body condition or fatness in mature sheep (Foot, 1972). Since the intake of pelleted diets by housed sheep consists of a number of discrete feeding bouts or 'meals' (e.g. Bermudez et al., 1989), the relatively long-term effect of body condition on intake will be achieved through changes in feeding behaviour at the level of a single meal. The aim of this experiment was to compare the effects of body condition and short-term food restriction on meal patterns in sheep, to investigate the mechanism by which body condition influences daily food intake.

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A Study of the Long-Term Effect of Malar Fat Repositioning in Face Lift Surgery: Short-Term Success But Long-Term Failure by Sam T. Hamra, M.D.

Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery ◽

10.1097/00006534-200209010-00037 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 956-959 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T. Roderick Hester

Keyword(s):

Term Effect ◽

Short Term ◽

Face Lift ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Fat Repositioning

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Brassinosteroid-induced de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings resembles the long-term effects of cytokinins

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp98010 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 719 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jie Luo ◽

Ji-Chu Chen ◽

Yu-Ju Zhao

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Term Effect ◽

Hypocotyl Elongation ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Expression Of Genes ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

In The Wild ◽

Positive Regulators

Cytokinins can cause de-etiolation of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings growing in the dark. Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been considered to regulate negatively the de-etiolation in dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings. We show here that epi-brassinolide (epi-BL) can partially produce the phenotype of de-etiolation as caused by treatment with cytokinins in the dark, including the development of leaves and epicotyls in the wild-type and the BR-deficient mutant det2. But BRs cannot inhibit hypocotyl elongation, nor restore all the inhibition caused by cytokinins and light. We have found that there are distinct short term and long term phases of induction of de-etiolation by cytokinins. The short-term effect is probably coupled to ethylene in the inhibition of the hypocotyl elongation; the long-term effect causes morphogenesis of leaves and epicotyls. BRs can only regulate de-etiolation in the long term. We propose that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation of det2 in darkness is caused by the absence of BR-dependent elongation rather than the inhibition caused by the expression of genes for photomorphogenesis. We propose that BRs resemble cytokinins in regulating de-etiolation as positive regulators, and that the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and the development of leaves and epicotyls in de-etiolation are independent processes.

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Long-term regulation of hexose uptake by isoproterenol in cultured 3T3 adipocytes

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1985.248.6.e706 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 248 (6) ◽

pp. E706-E711 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. P. van Putten ◽

H. M. Krans

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Term Effect ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Fat Cell ◽

Short Term ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

Hexose Uptake

Catecholamines are known to have short-term regulatory effects on fat cell hexose uptake. We examined the long-term effects of catecholamines on the insulin-sensitive 2-deoxyglucose (dGlc) uptake in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prolonged exposure (48 h) to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) stimulated the basal dGlc uptake up to 90%. The effect was specific, time, concentration, and protein synthesis dependent and reversible. The effect of insulin was unaltered and superimposed on the increase in basal dGlc uptake. The long-term effect of isoproterenol was mimicked by epinephrine, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP), and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (IBMX). By contrast, short-term exposure to isoproterenol (and epinephrine) induced a protein synthesis-independent increase in basal dGlc uptake (30%) not accompanied by an increase in insulin responsiveness. Moreover, on short-term basis, DBcAMP and IBMX suppressed both the basal and insulin-stimulated uptake up to 50%. Determination of the intracellular nonphosphorylated dGlc during the uptake and of the hexokinase activity revealed that the long-term effect of isoproterenol was most likely due to alterations low in dGlc transport. In conclusion, long-term regulators of hexose uptake are in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, isoproterenol, and other cAMP stimulators. The long-term effect is independent from the short-term regulatory effect of the agents and from the effect of insulin.

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Empirical Analysis of Safe Distance Calculation by the Stereoscopic Capturing and Processing of Images Through the Tailigator System

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19225044 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (22) ◽

pp. 5044

Author(s):

Gerd Christian Krizek ◽

Rene Hausleitner ◽

Laura Böhme ◽

Cristina Olaverri-Monreal

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Field Tests ◽

Warning System ◽

Collision Warning ◽

The Road ◽

Cost System ◽

Straight Line ◽

Real Value ◽

On The Road ◽

Forward Collision Warning

Driver disregard for the minimum safety distance increases the probability of rear-end collisions. In order to contribute to active safety on the road, we propose in this work a low-cost Forward Collision Warning system that captures and processes images. Using cameras located in the rear section of a leading vehicle, this system serves the purpose of discouraging tailgating behavior from the vehicle driving behind. We perform in this paper the pertinent field tests to assess system performance, focusing on the calculated distance from the processing of images and the error margins in a straight line, as well as in a curve. Based on the evaluation results, the current version of the Tailigator can be used at speeds up to 50 km per hour without any restrictions. The measurements showed similar characteristics both on the straight line and in the curve. At close distances, between 3 and 5 m, the values deviated from the real value. At average distances, around 10 to 15 m, the Tailigator achieved the best results. From distances higher than 20 m, the deviations increased steadily with the distance. We contribute to the state of the art with an innovative low-cost system to identify tailgating behavior and raise awareness, which works independently of the rear vehicle’s communication capabilities or equipment.

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Off-Road Glance Behavior, Response Time to a Forward Collision Hazard, and Engagement Strategy Effects in Automated Driving

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/1541931213601958 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 1909-1913 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mike Blommer ◽

Reates Curry ◽

Dev Kochhar ◽

Rads Swaminathan ◽

Walter Talamonti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Time ◽

Automated Driving ◽

Secondary Tasks ◽

Collision Warning ◽

Driving Mode ◽

Driver Response ◽

The Road ◽

Behavior Response ◽

The Face ◽

Forward Collision Warning

Blommer et al. (2015) reported on a simulator study that investigated a driver engagement (DE) strategy designed to keep the driver-in-the-loop during automated driving in the face of two different types of secondary tasks. The method, first reported by Carsten et al. (2012), involved driving in fully automated driving mode for 6 minutes followed by 1 minute of manual driving, after which this fixed schedule was repeated several times throughout the drive. This scheduled strategy was compared to a reference condition in which different participants experienced continuous automated driving without interruptions. For each condition, some participants watched a video and others listened to the radio. All drives ended in automated driving mode with a surprise forward collision (FC) hazard to which the participant had to manually intervene. Compared to video watchers, radio listeners responded faster, looked to the road scene more, and they were more often looking forward at FC event onset. The DE strategy had no effect on radio listeners. In contrast, video watchers responded to the hazard more quickly with the scheduled strategy than without it. However, there was no reliable statistical difference between DE conditions in percent-eye-glance-time looking to the forward road scene during automated driving or in the number of drivers looking forward at FC event onset. This paper presents additional analyses of off-road eye glance behavior and finds no relationship between how long people were looking away prior to receiving a Forward Collision Warning (FCW) and driver response time (RT). About 95% of all video watching drivers glanced back to the road within 20 sec regardless of the automated driving condition. Approximately 85% of glances away from the road in the scheduled mitigation condition were 7 sec or less.

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