scholarly journals Digital Twins, Virtual Devices, and Augmentations for Self-Organising Cyber-Physical Collectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Roberto Casadei ◽  
Danilo Pianini ◽  
Mirko Viroli ◽  
Danny Weyns
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Related Concept ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Virtual Devices ◽  
Virtual Device ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Self Organisation ◽  
Novel Concept

The engineering of large-scale cyber-physical systems (CPS) increasingly relies on principles from self-organisation and collective computing, enabling these systems to cooperate and adapt in dynamic environments. CPS engineering also often leverages digital twins that provide synchronised logical counterparts of physical entities. In contrast, sensor networks rely on the different but related concept of virtual device that provides an abstraction of a group of sensors. In this work, we study how such concepts can contribute to the engineering of self-organising CPSs. To that end, we analyse the concepts and devise modelling constructs, distinguishing between identity correspondence and execution relationships. Based on this analysis, we then contribute to the novel concept of “collective digital twin” (CDT) that captures the logical counterpart of a collection of physical devices. A CDT can also be “augmented” with purely virtual devices, which may be exploited to steer the self-organisation process of the CDT and its physical counterpart. We underpin the novel concept with experiments in the context of the pulverisation framework of aggregate computing, showing how augmented CDTs provide a holistic, modular, and cyber-physically integrated system view that can foster the engineering of self-organising CPSs.

Impurity Engineering of Czochralski Silicon

2009 ◽  
Vol 156-158 ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia He Chen ◽  
Xiang Yang Ma ◽  
De Ren Yang
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Silicon Wafers ◽  
The Novel ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Czochralski Silicon ◽  
Void Defects ◽  
Silicon Materials ◽  
Novel Concept

The novel concept of “impurity engineering in CZochralski (CZ) silicon ” for large scaled integrated circuits has been reviewed. By doping with a certain impurities into CZ silicon materials intentionally, such as nitrogen (N), germanium (Ge) and even carbon (C, with high concentration), internal gettering ability of CZ silicon wafers could be improved. Meanwhile, void defects in CZ silicon wafer could be easily eliminated during annealing at higher temperatures. Furthermore, it was also found that the mechanical strength could be increased, so that breakage of wafers decreased. Thus, it is believed that by impurity engineering CZ silicon wafers can satisfy the requirment of ultra large scale integrated circuits.

Experimental Research into Demountable Joints of a Precast System

2016 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
Jiří Witzany ◽  
Tomáš Čejka ◽  
Jiří Karas ◽  
Aleš Polák ◽  
Radek Zigler
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Component Part ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Joint Properties ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Novel Concept

The TA02010837 project "Multipurpose dismantleable prefabricated reinforced concrete building system with controlled joint properties and the possibility of repeated use " includes the development of a multi-purpose reinforced concrete precast system with demountable joints. The novel concept of the reinforced concrete precast structure brings numerous innovative, not yet verified solutions, construction and structural problems, functional requirements and user qualities. Apart from theoretical and numerical analyses, a component part of the research is demanding and extensive experimental research into the load-bearing system’s structural members and nodes, including the verification of the hybrid prototype implementation system in which the basic versions of the presumed system alternatives are applied – a column, pillar, wall, integrated system and a system composed of open spatial wall units.

Covalent Atomic Bridges Enable Unidirectional Enhancement of Electronic Transport in Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingguang Chen ◽  
Wangxiang Li ◽  
Anshuman Kumar ◽  
Guanghui Li ◽  
Mikhail Itkis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electrical Transport ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Metal Atoms ◽  
Aligned Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Transport Channels ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Bulk Structures

<p>Interconnecting the surfaces of nanomaterials without compromising their outstanding mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties is critical in the design of advanced bulk structures that still preserve the novel properties of their nanoscale constituents. As such, bridging the p-conjugated carbon surfaces of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has special implications in next-generation electronics. This study presents a rational path towards improvement of the electrical transport in aligned semiconducting SWNT films by deposition of metal atoms. The formation of conducting Cr-mediated pathways between the parallel SWNTs increases the transverse (intertube) conductance, while having negligible effect on the parallel (intratube) transport. In contrast, doping with Li has a predominant effect on the intratube electrical transport of aligned SWNT films. Large-scale first-principles calculations of electrical transport on aligned SWNTs show good agreement with the experimental electrical measurements and provide insight into the changes that different metal atoms exert on the density of states near the Fermi level of the SWNTs and the formation of transport channels. </p>

scholarly journals Revealing the Challenges of Smart Rainwater Harvesting for Integrated and Digital Resilience of Urban Water Infrastructure

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1902
Author(s):  
Martin Oberascher ◽  
Aun Dastgir ◽  
Jiada Li ◽  
Sina Hesarkazzazi ◽  
Mohsen Hajibabaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Coupled Systems ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
System Failures ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Smart Water

Smart rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems can automatically release stormwater prior to rainfall events to increase detention capacity on a household level. However, impacts and benefits of a widespread implementation of these systems are often unknown. This works aims to investigate the effect of a large-scale implementation of smart RWH systems on urban resilience by hypothetically retrofitting an Alpine municipality with smart rain barrels. Smart RWH systems represent dynamic systems, and therefore, the interaction between the coupled systems RWH units, an urban drainage network (UDN) and digital infrastructure is critical for evaluating resilience against system failures. In particular, digital parameters (e.g., accuracy of weather forecasts, or reliability of data communication) can differ from an ideal performance. Therefore, different digital parameters are varied to determine the range of uncertainties associated with smart RWH systems. As the results demonstrate, smart RWH systems can further increase integrated system resilience but require a coordinated integration into the overall system. Additionally, sufficient consideration of digital uncertainties is of great importance for smart water systems, as uncertainties can reduce/eliminate gained performance improvements. Moreover, a long-term simulation should be applied to investigate resilience with digital applications to reduce dependence on boundary conditions and rainfall patterns.

scholarly journals Controllable and decomposable multidirectional synchronizations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Collaborative Systems ◽  
Consistency Constraints ◽  
Restoration Mechanism ◽  
Common Goals ◽  
Access Privileges ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Engineering Projects

AbstractStudying large-scale collaborative systems engineering projects across teams with differing intellectual property clearances, or healthcare solutions where sensitive patient data needs to be partially shared, or similar multi-user information systems over databases, all boils down to a common mathematical framework. Updateable views (lenses) and more generally bidirectional transformations are abstractions to study the challenge of exchanging information between participants with different read access privileges. The view provided to each participant must be different due to access control or other limitations, yet also consistent in a certain sense, to enable collaboration towards common goals. A collaboration system must apply bidirectional synchronization to ensure that after a participant modifies their view, the views of other participants are updated so that they are consistent again. While bidirectional transformations (synchronizations) have been extensively studied, there are new challenges that are unique to the multidirectional case. If complex consistency constraints have to be maintained, synchronizations that work fine in isolation may not compose well. We demonstrate and characterize a failure mode of the emergent behaviour, where a consistency restoration mechanism undoes the work of other participants. On the other end of the spectrum, we study the case where synchronizations work especially well together: we characterize very well-behaved multidirectional transformations, a non-trivial generalization from the bidirectional case. For the former challenge, we introduce a novel concept of controllability, while for the latter one, we propose a novel formal notion of faithful decomposition. Additionally, the paper proposes several novel properties of multidirectional transformations.

scholarly journals IoT Traffic: Modeling and Measurement Experiments

IoT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-162
Author(s):  
Hung Nguyen-An ◽  
Thomas Silverston ◽  
Taku Yamazaki ◽  
Takumi Miyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Traffic Modeling ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Network Behavior ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Traffic Generator ◽  
Multiple Devices ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

We now use the Internet of things (IoT) in our everyday lives. The novel IoT devices collect cyber–physical data and provide information on the environment. Hence, IoT traffic will count for a major part of Internet traffic; however, its impact on the network is still widely unknown. IoT devices are prone to cyberattacks because of constrained resources or misconfigurations. It is essential to characterize IoT traffic and identify each device to monitor the IoT network and discriminate among legitimate and anomalous IoT traffic. In this study, we deployed a smart-home testbed comprising several IoT devices to study IoT traffic. We performed extensive measurement experiments using a novel IoT traffic generator tool called IoTTGen. This tool can generate traffic from multiple devices, emulating large-scale scenarios with different devices under different network conditions. We analyzed the IoT traffic properties by computing the entropy value of traffic parameters and visually observing the traffic on behavior shape graphs. We propose a new method for identifying traffic entropy-based devices, computing the entropy values of traffic features. The method relies on machine learning to classify the traffic. The proposed method succeeded in identifying devices with a performance accuracy up to 94% and is robust with unpredictable network behavior with traffic anomalies spreading in the network.

scholarly journals Multi-Objective Optimization of Integrated Civilian-Military Scheduling of Medical Supplies for Epidemic Prevention and Control

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Hai-Feng Ling ◽  
Zheng-Lian Su ◽  
Xun-Lin Jiang ◽  
Yu-Jun Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Problem Instances ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Minimum Ratio

In a large-scale epidemic, such as the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), there is huge demand for a variety of medical supplies, such as medical masks, ventilators, and sickbeds. Resources from civilian medical services are often not sufficient for fully satisfying all of these demands. Resources from military medical services, which are normally reserved for military use, can be an effective supplement to these demands. In this paper, we formulate a problem of integrated civilian-military scheduling of medical supplies for epidemic prevention and control, the aim of which is to simultaneously maximize the overall satisfaction rate of the medical supplies and minimize the total scheduling cost, while keeping a minimum ratio of medical supplies reservation for military use. We propose a multi-objective water wave optimization (WWO) algorithm in order to efficiently solve this problem. Computational results on a set of problem instances constructed based on real COVID-19 data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Racism and Antiracism in the Liberal International Order

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Zoltán I. Búzás
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Racial Diversity ◽  
International Order ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Racial Equality ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Current Regime ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Abstract Formal racial equality is a key aspect of the current Liberal International Order (LIO). It is subject to two main challenges: resurgent racial nationalism and substantive racial inequality. Combining work in International Relations with interdisciplinary studies on race, I submit that these challenges are the latest iteration of struggles between two transnational coalitions over the LIO's central racial provisions, which I call racial diversity regimes (RDRs). The traditional coalition has historically favored RDRs based on racial inequality and racial nationalism. The transformative coalition has favored RDRs based on racial equality and nonracial nationalism. I illustrate the argument by tracing the development of the liberal order's RDR as a function of intercoalitional struggles from one based on racial nationalism and inequality in 1919 to the current regime based on nonracial nationalism and limited equality. Today, racial nationalists belong to the traditional coalition and critics of racial inequality are part of the transformative coalition. The stakes of their struggles are high because they will determine whether we will live in a more racist or a more antiracist world. This article articulates a comprehensive framework that places race at the heart of the liberal order, offers the novel concept of “embedded racism” to capture how sovereignty shields domestic racism from foreign interference, and proposes an agenda for mainstream International Relations that takes race seriously.

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