scholarly journals Low-Input Crops as Lignocellulosic Feedstock for Second-Generation Biorefineries and the Potential of Chemometrics in Biomass Quality Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abla Alzagameem ◽  
Michel Bergs ◽  
Xuan Tung Do ◽  
Stephanie Elisabeth Klein ◽  
Jessica Rumpf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Lignocellulosic Feedstock ◽  
The Status ◽  
Lignocellulose Feedstock

Lignocellulose feedstock (LCF) provides a sustainable source of components to produce bioenergy, biofuel, and novel biomaterials. Besides hard and soft wood, so-called low-input plants such as Miscanthus are interesting crops to be investigated as potential feedstock for the second generation biorefinery. The status quo regarding the availability and composition of different plants, including grasses and fast-growing trees (i.e., Miscanthus, Paulownia), is reviewed here. The second focus of this review is the potential of multivariate data processing to be used for biomass analysis and quality control. Experimental data obtained by spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), can be processed using computational techniques to characterize the 3D structure and energetic properties of the feedstock building blocks, including complex linkages. Here, we provide a brief summary of recently reported experimental data for structural analysis of LCF biomasses, and give our perspectives on the role of chemometrics in understanding and elucidating on LCF composition and lignin 3D structure.

Bio based fuels and fuel additives from lignocellulose feedstock via the production of levulinic acid and furfural

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geertje Dautzenberg ◽  
Mirko Gerhardt ◽  
Birgit Kamm
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fuel Additives ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Lignocellulosic Feedstock ◽  
Chemical Pulping ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Lignocellulose Feedstock

Abstract The demand for biomass-derived fuels and fuel additives, particularly in the transportation sector, has stimulated intense research efforts in the chemistry of levulinic acid and levulinic acid secondary products over the past decade. Additionally, recent technological progress in lignocellulosic feedstock (LCF) chemistry has also increased attention in this regard. As a result, several oxygenating fuel additives with potential applications in both gasoline and diesel fuels have been identified. Some of the chemicals, such as ethyl valerate, appear to be viable alternatives to the currently used branched, short-chain ethers that are derived from side products of petrol refining. Cost-effective applications of lignocellulosic biomass are a crucial aspect of its feasibility. In consideration of the LCF biorefinery concept, the feasibility must also include the chemical pulping of LCF and the comprehensive utilisation of its main constituents cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The present study focuses on cellulose and hemicelluloses as viable sources for the production of biofuels and biofuel additives. Multifunctional catalysis, including hydrogenation and acid catalysis are the primary instruments used for the conversion of the monomeric carbohydrate building blocks, i.e., mainly C5 sugars, such as xylose and arabinose, and C6 sugars in the form of glucose and their respective secondary products, furfural and levulinic acid. Lignin utilisation is not addressed in this paper.

U-Net Deep-Learning-Based 3D Cell Counter for the Quality Control of 3D Cell-Based Assays through Seed Cell Measurement

2021 ◽  
pp. 247263032110175
Author(s):  
Eun Ji Jeong ◽  
Donghyuk Choi ◽  
Dong Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Counting Error ◽  
Seed Cell ◽  
Initial Seed ◽  
Number Of Cells

Conventional cell-counting software uses contour or watershed segmentations and focuses on identifying two-dimensional (2D) cells attached on the bottom of plastic plates. Recently developed software has been useful tools for the quality control of 2D cell-based assays by measuring initial seed cell numbers. These algorithms do not, however, quantitatively test in three-dimensional (3D) cell-based assays using extracellular matrix (ECM), because cells are aggregated and overlapped in the 3D structure of the ECM such as Matrigel, collagen, and alginate. Such overlapped and aggregated cells make it difficult to segment cells and to count the number of cells accurately. It is important, however, to determine the number of cells to standardize experiments and ensure the reproducibility of 3D cell-based assays. In this study, we apply a 3D cell-counting method using U-net deep learning to high-density aggregated cells in ECM to identify initial seed cell numbers. The proposed method showed a 10% counting error in high-density aggregated cells, while the contour and watershed segmentations showed 30% and 40% counting errors, respectively. Thus, the proposed method can reduce the seed cell-counting error in 3D cell-based assays by providing the exact number of cells to researchers, thereby enabling the acquisition of quality control in 3D cell-based assays.

scholarly journals The status of CMV as a human pathogen

1988 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Griffiths ◽  
J. E. Grundy
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
The Status

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infectious agent which is well adapted to its host. Following primary infection, which is almost always asymptomatic in people with normal immunity, the virus establishes latency at sites which are unknown. The virus is probably maintained in this latent state by immune surveillance mechanisms since immunosuppression frequently leads to reactivation of virus.Cytomegalovirus has been identified in most anatomical areas of the human body. The aim of this article is to define criteria for pathogenicity so that clinical and experimental data can be reviewed to determine if CMV is likely to cause disease at these various clinical sites. Thus, patients have been shown to die frequentlywithCMV but do they diefromit?

Analysis of Blunt Trailing Edge Airfoils

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Standish ◽  
C. P. van Dam
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Wind Turbine Blades ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Blunt Trailing Edge ◽  
Large Wind ◽  
Structural Volume

The adoption of blunt trailing edge airfoils for the inner regions of large wind turbine blades has been proposed. Blunt trailing edge airfoils would not only provide increased structural volume, but have also been found to improve the lift characteristics of airfoils and therefore allow for section shapes with a greater maximum thickness. Limited experimental data makes it difficult for wind turbine designers to consider and conduct tradeoff studies using these section shapes. This lack of experimental data precipitated the present analysis of blunt trailing edge airfoils using computational fluid dynamics. Several computational techniques are applied including a viscous/inviscid interaction method and several Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes methods.

Textiles and perishable materials

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Banck-Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Funerary Rituals ◽  
The Status

This chapter challenges traditional views on Iron Age dress. Recent research has greatly enhanced our understanding of how textiles were manufactured in Iron Age Europe. The variety of qualities, textures, techniques, raw materials, colours, and cuts give insights into the detailed knowledge of the craftspeople involved. Textiles used for dress, blankets, or furniture fittings were appreciated not only for their appearance, but also for the quality of the work. In everyday life, their optical qualities were used to express and signal gender, social roles and status, while the labour expended on textiles found in wealthy burials underlines both the status of the deceased and the extent of conspicuous consumption in funerary rituals—for instance, for wrapping grave furniture and goods. The chapter also looks at experimental data showing how labour-intensive textile production was, and the types of clothing and accessories found in different archaeological contexts or depicted in visual representations.

scholarly journals Bond-Based Computational Mechanics Approach to Plain and Fibre Reinforced Concrete

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piet Stroeven
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Steel Fibre ◽  
Computational Mechanics ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Theory And Experiments

ABSTRACTThe various “building blocks” of a computational mechanics approach to plain and steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) are briefly discussed. Experimental data are incorporated, as well. Theory and experiments deal with debonding as the leading mechanism of structural loosening.

scholarly journals Mobilitas Sosial Keluarga Transmigrasi Penempatan Tahun 1981 dan Keturunannya di Desa Krueng Itam Kecamatan Tadu Raya Kabupaten Nagan Raya

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-104
Author(s):  
Diah Hastuti ◽  
Ahmad Hamid ◽  
Edy Marsudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vertical Mobility

Abstrak. Mobilitas  sosial  merupakan  perpindahan  dari  suatu kelas sosial ke kelas sosial lainnya yang biasanya ditunjukkan melalui  pekerjaan sekarang yang berbeda dari pekerjaan sebelumnya. Salah satu keberhasilan dari adanya program transmigrasi adalah terjadinya mobilitas sosial ke arah yang lebih baik pada peserta transmigrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana mobilitas sosial yang terjadi pada peserta transmigrasi dan keturunannya, untuk mengetahui seberapa besar terjadi mobilitas vertikal antar generasi dan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat kesejahteraan keluarga transmigrasi menurut indikator BKKBN. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dilihat dari pekerjaan generasi I dan II tidak terjadi mobilitas sosial, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 66 responden yang terdiri dari 3 generasi yang mana pada generasi I dan generasi II pekerjaan mereka masih sebagai petani yang berubah hanya status pekerjaannya saja, namun pada generasi III selain responden bekerja sebagai petani ada responden yang bekerja sebagai pegawai/karyawan, dilihat dari pendidikan hanya generasi III yang pendidikannya lebih baik dibandingkan generasi sebelumnya, dan dilihat dari kepemilikan Aset generasi II dan III lebih baik dibandingkan generasi I nya. Mobilitas vertikal antar generasi terbesar yang terjadi adalah berdasarkan pendidikan yaitu sebesar 54,5%. Untuk pentahapan keluarga sejahtera menurut BKKBN, terdapat sebanyak 20,4% keluarga transmigrasi yang berada pada kategori Keluarga Prasejahtera, Keluarga Sejahtera I sebesar 75,9%, dan Keluarga Sejahtera II sebesar 3,7%.Transmigration Family Social Mobility In Placement In 1981 And Their Descendants In The Village Of  Krueng Itam Sub-District Of Tadu Raya Nagan Raya RegencyAbstract. Social mobility is the movement of a social class to other social classes are usually shown through the work now is different from previous work. One of the success of the transmigration program is social mobility towards better on participants transmigration. This study aims to determine how the social mobility that occurs in the transmigration of participants and their descendants, to know how big happening vertical mobility between generations and to identify the level of family welfare indicators transmigration according to BKKBN. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The analytical method used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results showed that the views of the work first generation and the second generation does not occur social mobility, with a total sample of 66 respondents consisting of three generations of which the first generation and the second generation of their work is still as farmers are changing only the status of the job, but at generation III besides the respondents worked as farmers there are respondents who worked as an employee/employees, viewed from education only generation III are better educated than previous generations, and the views of the ownership of generation assets II and III generation better than generation I. The vertical mobility between generations that happens is by education that is equal to 54.5%. For a prosperous family phasing BKKBN, there are as many as 20.4% of families transmigration in the category Pre-Welfare Family, Family Welfare I equal to 75.9%, and Family Welfare II amounted to 3.7%.

Research on Dynamic Alignment for Sophisticated System Based on ACP Technology

2012 ◽  
Vol 630 ◽  
pp. 473-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Wan ◽  
Guo Xi Li ◽  
Jing Zhong Gong ◽  
Bao Zhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Dynamic Simulation ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Contact Theory ◽  
Dynamic Parameters ◽  
Agent Model ◽  
The Status ◽  
Alignment Process ◽  
Dynamic Alignment

To change the status of time-consuming and over-reliance on technicians in mechanical system alignment process, the ACP technology is presented. The mapping between alignment process parameters and dynamic parameters was established through contact theory to build the agent model for parts. While the second mapping between dynamic parameters and machine dynamic characteristics is calculated by dynamic simulation software to conduct computational experiments. Experimental data is analyzed in order to implement data mine, optimize the alignment process, guide technician alignment, modify the theory mapping and improve the alignment efficiency.

scholarly journals Design, Characterization and Molecular Modeling of New Fluorinated Paramagnetic Contrast Agents for Dual 1H/19F MRI

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilie Hequet ◽  
Céline Henoumont ◽  
Vera Djouana Kenfack ◽  
Vincent Lemaur ◽  
Roberto Lazzaroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Agents ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Cycloaddition Reaction ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Lanthanide Ion ◽  
19F Mri ◽  
Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

One major goal in medical imaging is the elaboration of more efficient contrast agents (CAs). Those agents need to be optimized for the detection of affected tissues such as cancers or tumors while decreasing the injected quantity of agents. The paramagnetic contrast agents containing fluorine atoms can be used for both proton and fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and they open the possibility of simultaneously mapping the anatomy using 1H MRI and accurately locating the agents using 19F MRI. One of the challenges in this domain is to synthesize molecules containing several chemically equivalent fluorine atoms with relatively short relaxation times to allow the recording of 19F MR images in good conditions. With that aim, we propose to prepare a CA containing a paramagnetic center and nine chemically equivalent fluorine atoms using a cycloaddition reaction between two building blocks. These fluorinated contrast agents are characterized by 19F NMR, showing differences in the fluorine relaxation times T1 and T2 depending on the lanthanide ion. To complement the experimental results, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to shed light on the 3D-structure of the molecules in order to estimate the distance between the lanthanide ion and the fluorine atoms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document