scholarly journals Changes in Ground Reaction Forces, Joint Mechanics, and Stiffness during Treadmill Running to Fatigue

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Luo ◽  
Xini Zhang ◽  
Junqing Wang ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Yongxin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Mechanics ◽  
Soft Landing ◽  
Ankle Stiffness ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the changes in lower extremity biomechanics during running-induced fatigue intervention. Methods: Fourteen male recreational runners were required to run at 3.33 m/s until they could no longer continue running. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) and marker trajectories were recorded intermittently every 2 min to quantify the impact forces and the lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the fatiguing run. Blood lactate concentration (BLa) was also collected before and after running. Results: In comparison with the beginning of the run duration, (1) BLa significantly increased immediately after running, 4 min after running, and 9 min after running; (2) no changes were observed in vertical/anterior–posterior GRF and loading rates; (3) the hip joint range of motion (θROM) significantly increased at 33%, 67%, and 100% of the run duration, whereas θROM of the knee joint significantly increased at 67%; (4) no changes were observed in ankle joint kinematics and peak joint moment at the ankle, knee, and hip; and (5) vertical and ankle stiffness decreased at 67% and 100% of the run duration. Conclusion: GRF characteristics did not vary significantly throughout the fatiguing run. However, nonlinear adaptations in lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were observed. In particular, a “soft landing” strategy, achieved by an increased θROM at the hip and knee joints and a decreased vertical and ankle stiffness, was initiated from the mid-stage of a fatiguing run to potentially maintain similar impact forces.

Footwear and Elevated Heel Influence On Barbell Back Squat: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Michael Pangan ◽  
Matthew J Leineweber
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Back Squat ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Loads ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics ◽  
Full Body

Abstract The back squat is one of the most effective exercises in strengthening the muscles of the lower extremity. Understanding the impact of footwear has on the biomechanics is imperative for maximizing the exercise training potential, preventing injury, and rehabilitating from injury. This review focuses on how different types of footwear affect the full-body kinematics, joint loads, muscle activity, and ground reaction forces in athletes of varying experience performing the weighted back squat. The literature search was conducted using three databases, and fourteen full-text articles were ultimately included in the review. The majority of these studies demonstrated that the choice of footwear directly impacts kinematics and kinetics. Weightlifting shoes were shown to decrease trunk lean and generate more plantarflexion relative to running shoes and barefoot lifting. Elevating the heel through the use of external squat wedges is popular clinical exercise during rehabilitation and was shown to provide similar effects to WLS. Additional research with a broader array of populations, particularly novice and female weightlifters, should be conducted to generalize the research results to non-athlete populations. Further work is also needed to characterize the specific effects of sole stiffness and heel elevation height on squatting mechanics.

scholarly journals Ground Reaction Forces and Kinematics of Ski Jump Landing Using Wearable Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bessone ◽  
Petrat ◽  
Schwirtz
Keyword(s):  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Inertial Motion ◽  
Jump Landing ◽  
The Past ◽  
Landing Biomechanics ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

In the past, technological issues limited research focused on ski jump landing. Today, thanks to the development of wearable sensors, it is possible to analyze the biomechanics of athletes without interfering with their movements. The aims of this study were twofold. Firstly, the quantification of the kinetic magnitude during landing is performed using wireless force insoles while 22 athletes jumped during summer training on the hill. In the second part, the insoles were combined with inertial motion units (IMUs) to determine the possible correlation between kinematics and kinetics during landing. The maximal normal ground reaction force (GRFmax) ranged between 1.1 and 5.3 body weight per foot independently when landing using the telemark or parallel leg technique. The GRFmax and impulse were correlated with flying time (p < 0.001). The hip flexions/extensions and the knee and hip rotations of the telemark front leg correlated with GRFmax (r = 0.689, p = 0.040; r = −0.670, p = 0.048; r = 0.820, p = 0.007; respectively). The force insoles and their combination with IMUs resulted in promising setups to analyze landing biomechanics and to provide in-field feedback to the athletes, being quick to place and light, without limiting movement.

scholarly journals Heel impact forces during barefoot versus minimally shod walking among Tarahumara subsistence farmers and urban Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 180044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Wallace ◽  
Elizabeth Koch ◽  
Nicholas B. Holowka ◽  
Daniel E. Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Effective Mass ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Musculoskeletal Health ◽  
Subsistence Farmers ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Recent Interest ◽  
Walking Biomechanics ◽  
Reaction Forces

Despite substantial recent interest in walking barefoot and in minimal footwear, little is known about potential differences in walking biomechanics when unshod versus minimally shod. To test the hypothesis that heel impact forces are similar during barefoot and minimally shod walking, we analysed ground reaction forces recorded in both conditions with a pedography platform among indigenous subsistence farmers, the Tarahumara of Mexico, who habitually wear minimal sandals, as well as among urban Americans wearing commercially available minimal sandals. Among both the Tarahumara ( n  = 35) and Americans ( n  = 30), impact peaks generated in sandals had significantly ( p  < 0.05) higher force magnitudes, slower loading rates and larger vertical impulses than during barefoot walking. These kinetic differences were partly due to individuals' significantly greater effective mass when walking in sandals. Our results indicate that, in general, people tread more lightly when walking barefoot than in minimal footwear. Further research is needed to test if the variations in impact peaks generated by walking barefoot or in minimal shoes have consequences for musculoskeletal health.

Effects of arch-support orthoses on ground reaction forces and lower extremity kinematics related to running at various inclinations

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (14) ◽  
pp. 1629-1634
Author(s):  
Wing-Kai Lam ◽  
Lok-Yee Pak ◽  
Charis King-Wai Wong ◽  
Mohammad Farhan Tan ◽  
Sang-Kyoon Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Arch Support

scholarly journals Characteristics of Autocorrelation Structure of Lower Extremity Functional Laterality in Disturbed and Undisturbed Bipedal Upright Stance

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Stodółka ◽  
Weronika Stodółka ◽  
Jarosław Gambal ◽  
Tom Raunig
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Autocorrelation Function ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Standing Position ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Upright Stance ◽  
Functional Laterality ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Reaction Forces

AbstractPurpose. It is posited that functional laterality is influenced by the generation and conduction of neural signals and therefore associated with sensorimotor control. The question arises if symmetry or asymmetry in sensorimotor processing affects the development of symmetric or asymmetric motor programs in the lower extremities. The purpose of the study was to examine the mechanisms of the human mobility moto-control - the process of maintaining body balance in a standing position through an appropriate course of distribution of ground reaction forces in a time frame, in a situation requiring lower extremity movement symmetry. Methods. The autocorrelation function was calculated for ground reaction forces (in the three orthogonal axes) registered during 45 s of bipedal upright stance in two conditions (eyes open and closed). Results. Minor albeit significant deficiencies in postural muscle control were revealed as a function of time, as evidenced in the decay of the autocorrelation function to zero (T

scholarly journals The Kinematics and Kinetics Analysis of the Lower Extremity in the Landing Phase of a Stop-jump Task

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Yin ◽  
D Sun ◽  
Q.C Mei ◽  
Y.D Gu ◽  
J.S Baker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Peak Knee ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Large number of studies showed that landing with great impact forces may be a risk factor for knee injuries. The purpose of this study was to illustrate the different landing loads to lower extremity of both genders and examine the relationships among selected lower extremity kinematics and kinetics during the landing of a stop-jump task. A total of 35 male and 35 female healthy subjects were recruited in this study. Each subject executed five experiment actions. Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were synchronously acquired. The comparison of lower extremity kinematics for different genders showed significant difference. The knee and hip maximum flexion angle, peak ground reaction force and peak knee extension moment have significantly decreased during the landing of the stop-jump task among the female subjects. The hip flexion angle at the initial foot contact phase showed significant correlation with peak ground reaction force during landing of the stop-jump task (r=-0.927, p<0.001). The knee flexion angle at the initial foot contact phase had significant correlation with peak ground reaction force and vertical ground reaction forces during landing of the stop-jump task (r=-0.908, p<0.001; r=0.812, P=0.002). A large hip and knee flexion angles at the initial foot contact with the ground did not necessarily reduce the impact force during landing, but active hip and knee flexion motions did. The hip and knee flexion motion of landing was an important technical factor that affects anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) loading during the landing of the stop-jump task.

scholarly journals Effects of Velocity and Weight Support on Ground Reaction Forces and Metabolic Power during Running

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena M. Grabowski ◽  
Rodger Kram
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Metabolic Power ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Weight Support ◽  
Scientific Goal ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Support Body Weight

The biomechanical and metabolic demands of human running are distinctly affected by velocity and body weight. As runners increase velocity, ground reaction forces (GRF) increase, which may increase the risk of an overuse injury, and more metabolic power is required to produce greater rates of muscular force generation. Running with weight support attenuates GRFs, but demands less metabolic power than normal weight running. We used a recently developed device (G-trainer) that uses positive air pressure around the lower body to support body weight during treadmill running. Our scientific goal was to quantify the separate and combined effects of running velocity and weight support on GRFs and metabolic power. After obtaining this basic data set, we identified velocity and weight support combinations that resulted in different peak GRFs, yet demanded the same metabolic power. Ideal combinations of velocity and weight could potentially reduce biomechanical risks by attenuating peak GRFs while maintaining aerobic and neuromuscular benefits. Indeed, we found many combinations that decreased peak vertical GRFs yet demanded the same metabolic power as running slower at normal weight. This approach of manipulating velocity and weight during running may prove effective as a training and/or rehabilitation strategy.

Ground Reaction Forces and Lower Extremity Kinematics When Running With Suppressed Arm Swing

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross H. Miller ◽  
Graham E. Caldwell ◽  
Richard E. A. Van Emmerik ◽  
Brian R. Umberger ◽  
Joseph Hamill
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Arm Swing ◽  
Musculoskeletal Models ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Cross Correlations ◽  
Arm Motion ◽  
Hip Flexion

The role of arm swing in running has been minimally described, and the contributions of arm motion to lower extremity joint kinematics and external force generation are unknown. These contributions may have implications in the design of musculoskeletal models for computer simulations of running, since previous models have usually not included articulating arm segments. 3D stance phase lower extremity joint angles and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were determined for seven subjects running normally, and running under two conditions of arm restraint. When arm swing was suppressed, the peak vertical GRF decreased by 10–13% bodyweight, and the peak lateral GRF increased by 4–6% bodyweight. Changes in peak joint angles on the order of 1–5 deg were observed for hip flexion, hip adduction, knee flexion, knee adduction, and ankle abduction. The effect sizes (ES) were small to moderate (ES<0.8) for most of the peak GRF differences, but large (ES>0.8) for most of the peak joint angle differences. These changes suggest that suppression of arm swing induces subtle but statistically significant changes in the kinetic and kinematic patterns of running. However, the salient features of the GRFs and the joint angles were present in all conditions, and arm swing did not introduce any major changes in the timing of these data, as indicated by cross correlations. The decision to include arm swing in a computer model will likely need to be made on a case-by-case basis, depending on the design of the study and the accuracy needed to answer the research question.

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