scholarly journals Activation of sub 2 nm Water Soluble and Insoluble Standard Ions with Saturated Vapors of Butanol in a Boosted TSI Ultrafine CPC.

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attoui ◽  
Kangasluoma
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Tetrabutylammonium Bromide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Tetraethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter ◽  
Singly Charged ◽  
Nm Range

Tetraheptylammonium bromide (THABr), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) and tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr) dissolved in methanol or water methanol mixtures (~ 1mM) produce via positive electrospray atomization and high resolution classification electrical classification standard clean ions (monomer and dimer) which are singly charged. THABr is hydrophobic and insoluble in water, TBABr and TEABr are hygroscopic and water soluble (0.6 and 2.8 kg/l respectively). These ions are used to study the effect of hygroscopicity on the activation of aerosol particles in the sub 2 nm range via the detection efficiency measurement of a boosted ultrafine TSI condensation particle counter (3025A). Water solubility of particles seems to play a role in the activation and growth with butanol vapor in the CPC (condensation particle counter) independently of the size.

scholarly journals Detection Efficiency of a Water-Based TSI Condensation Particle Counter 3785

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1090-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Petäjä ◽  
G. Mordas ◽  
H. Manninen ◽  
P. P. Aalto ◽  
K. Hämeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter ◽  
Water Based

The particle detection efficiency of the TSI-3007 condensation particle counter

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1463-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Hämeri ◽  
I.K Koponen ◽  
P.P Aalto ◽  
M Kulmala
Keyword(s):  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Particle Detection ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter

scholarly journals Scanning supersaturation condensation particle counter applied as a nano-CCN counter for size-resolved analysis of the hygroscopicity and chemical composition of nanoparticles

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2161-2172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
H. Su ◽  
X. Wang ◽  
N. Ma ◽  
A. Wiedensohler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Counting Efficiency ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Working Fluids ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter ◽  
Abstract Knowledge

Abstract. Knowledge about the chemical composition of aerosol particles is essential to understand their formation and evolution in the atmosphere. Due to analytical limitations, however, relatively little information is available for sub-10 nm particles. We present the design of a nano-cloud condensation nuclei counter (nano-CCNC) for measuring size-resolved hygroscopicity and inferring chemical composition of sub-10 nm aerosol particles. We extend the use of counting efficiency spectra from a water-based condensation particle counter (CPC) and link it to the analysis of CCN activation spectra, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of a scanning supersaturation CPC (SS-CPC) as a nano-CCNC. Measurement procedures and data analysis methods are demonstrated through laboratory experiments with monodisperse particles of diameter down to 2.5 nm, where sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sucrose and tungsten oxide can be easily discriminated by different characteristic supersaturations of water droplet formation. A near-linear relationship between hygroscopicity parameter κ and organic mass fraction is also found for sucrose-ammonium sulfate mixtures. The design is not limited to the water CPC, but also applies to CPCs with other working fluids (e.g. butanol, perfluorotributylamine). We suggest that a combination of SS-CPCs with multiple working fluids may provide further insight into the chemical composition of nanoparticles and the role of organic and inorganic compounds in the initial steps of atmospheric new particle formation and growth.

scholarly journals Applying the Condensation Particle Counter Battery (CPCB) to study the water-affinity of freshly-formed 2–9 nm particles in boreal forest

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3317-3330 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Riipinen ◽  
H. E. Manninen ◽  
T. Yli-Juuti ◽  
M. Boy ◽  
M. Sipilä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Secondary Aerosol ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter ◽  
Water Affinity

Abstract. Measurements on the composition of nanometer-sized atmospheric particles are the key to understand which vapors participate in the secondary aerosol formation processes. Knowledge on these processes is crucial in assessing the climatic effects of secondary aerosol formation. We present data of >2 nm particle concentrations and their water-affinity measured with the Condensation Particle Counter Battery (CPCB) at a boreal forest site in Hyytiälä, Finland, during spring 2006. The data reveal that during new particle formation events, the smallest particles activate for growth at clearly smaller sizes in water than in butanol vapor. However, even at 2–4 nm, there are days when the particles seem to be less hygroscopic than ammonium sulfate or sulfuric acid, which are often referred to as the most likely compounds present in atmospheric nucleation. This observation points to the possible presence of water-soluble organics, even at the very first steps on particle formation. The water-affinity of the particles decreases with size, indicating that the vapors that participate in the first steps of the particle formation and growth are more hygroscopic than the vapors contributing to the later stages of the growth. This suggests that the relative role of less hygroscopic organics in atmospheric particle growth increases as a function of particle size.

Characterization of a Kanomax® fast condensation particle counter in the sub-10 nm range

2021 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 105772
Author(s):  
Yiliang Liu ◽  
Michel Attoui ◽  
Yueyang Li ◽  
Jianmin Chen ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Counter ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter ◽  
Nm Range

scholarly journals B3010: a boosted TSI 3010 condensation particle counter for airborne studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 2531-2543 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Picard ◽  
Michel Attoui ◽  
Karine Sellegri
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Important Application ◽  
Continuous Operation ◽  
Scientific Instrument ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Condensation Particle Counter ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Standard Calibration

Abstract. In the present paper, we expose how we boosted the performance of a commercial condensation particle counter (CPC) model TSI 3010 to detect particles as small as 1.5 nm while preserving the robustness and reliability of the original instrument. The TSI 3010 was selected because of our deep knowledge of its internal workings and its large incorporated butanol reservoir that allows continuous operation for several hours without refill, which is well suited to airborne operation. Aside from this, it is still pretty easy to buy instruments from the TSI 3010 family from companies that specialize in used scientific instrument retail. The CPC described in this study is called B3010 hereafter, where the “B” stands for boosted. We provide an evaluation of its performances down to 1 nm using standard calibration methods and comparisons with ultrafine CPCs (TSI 3025 and TSI 3776), as well as with its original version. One important application of the B3010 is for high-altitude measurement stations and airborne studies, the instrument's detection efficiency was quantified for various inlet flow rates and pressures.

BODIPY Fluorophores for Membrane Potential Imaging

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna Franke ◽  
Benjamin Raliski ◽  
Steven Boggess ◽  
Divya Natesan ◽  
Evan Koretsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Voltage Sensitivity ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Direct Modification ◽  
Biological Compatibility ◽  
Meso Position ◽  
Ionizable Groups ◽  
Boron Center

Fluorophores based on the BODIPY scaffold are prized for their tunable excitation and emission profiles, mild syntheses, and biological compatibility. Improving the water-solubility of BODIPY dyes remains an outstanding challenge. The development of water-soluble BODIPY dyes usually involves direct modification of the BODIPY fluorophore core with ionizable groups or substitution at the boron center. While these strategies are effective for the generation of water-soluble fluorophores, they are challenging to implement when developing BODIPY-based indicators: direct modification of BODIPY core can disrupt the electronics of the dye, complicating the design of functional indicators; and substitution at the boron center often renders the resultant BODIPY incompatible with the chemical transformations required to generate fluorescent sensors. In this study, we show that BODIPYs bearing a sulfonated aromatic group at the meso position provide a general solution for water-soluble BODIPYs. We outline the route to a suite of 5 new sulfonated BODIPYs with 2,6-disubstitution patterns spanning a range of electron-donating and -withdrawing propensities. To highlight the utility of these new, sulfonated BODIPYs, we further functionalize them to access 13 new, BODIPY-based voltage-sensitive fluorophores. The most sensitive of these BODIPY VF dyes displays a 48% ΔF/F per 100 mV in mammalian cells. Two additional BODIPY VFs show good voltage sensitivity (≥24% ΔF/F) and excellent brightness in cells. These compounds can report on action potential dynamics in both mammalian neurons and human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Accessing a range of substituents in the context of a water soluble BODIPY fluorophore provides opportunities to tune the electronic properties of water-soluble BODIPY dyes for functional indicators.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Bactericidal Activity of a 4-Ammoniumbuthylstyrene-Based Random Copolymer

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1140
Author(s):  
Silvana Alfei ◽  
Gabriella Piatti ◽  
Debora Caviglia ◽  
Anna Maria Schito
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Physicochemical Characterization ◽  
Random Copolymer ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Cationic Polymers ◽  
Severe Infections

The growing resistance of bacteria to current chemotherapy is a global concern that urgently requires new and effective antimicrobial agents, aimed at curing untreatable infection, reducing unacceptable healthcare costs and human mortality. Cationic polymers, that mimic antimicrobial cationic peptides, represent promising broad-spectrum agents, being less susceptible to develop resistance than low molecular weight antibiotics. We, thus, designed, and herein report, the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of a water-soluble cationic copolymer (P5), obtained by copolymerizing the laboratory-made monomer 4-ammoniumbuthylstyrene hydrochloride with di-methyl-acrylamide as uncharged diluent. The antibacterial activity of P5 was assessed against several multi-drug-resistant clinical isolates of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Except for strains characterized by modifications of the membrane charge, most of the tested isolates were sensible to the new molecule. P5 showed remarkable antibacterial activity against several isolates of genera Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and against Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, displaying a minimum MIC value of 3.15 µM. In time-killing and turbidimetric studies, P5 displayed a rapid non-lytic bactericidal activity. Due to its water-solubility and wide bactericidal spectrum, P5 could represent a promising novel agent capable of overcoming severe infections sustained by bacteria resistant the presently available antibiotics.

scholarly journals Effect of DMPA and Molecular Weight of Polyethylene Glycol on Water-Soluble Polyurethane

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eyob Wondu ◽  
Hyun Woo Oh ◽  
Jooheon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Soft Segment ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

In this study water-soluble polyurethane (WSPU) was synthesized from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and polyethylene glycol (PEG), 2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid or dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), butane-1,4-diol (BD), and triethylamine (TEA) using an acetone process. The water solubility was investigated by solubilizing the polymer in water and measuring the contact angle and the results indicated that water solubility and contact angle tendency were increased as the molecular weight of the soft segment decreased, the amount of emulsifier was increased, and soft segment to hard segment ratio was lower. The contact angle of samples without emulsifier was greater than 87°, while that of with emulsifier was less than 67°, indicating a shift from highly hydrophobic to hydrophilic. The WSPU was also analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to identify the absorption of functional groups and further checked by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The molecular weight of WSPU was measured using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The structure of the WSPU was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The thermal properties of WSPU were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

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