scholarly journals Emission Factors for Biofuels and Coal Combustion in a Domestic Boiler of 18 kW

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 771
Author(s):  
Marianna Czaplicka ◽  
Ewelina Cieślik ◽  
Bogusław Komosiński ◽  
Tomasz Rachwał
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Total Particulate Matter

The differences in the pollutant emissions from the combustion of bituminous coal and biofuels (wood, straw, and miscanthus pellets) under real-world boiler operating conditions were investigated. The experiments were performed on an experimental installation that comprised an 18 kW boiler, used in domestic central heating systems, equipped with a retort furnace, an automatic fuel feeder, a combustion air fan, and a fuel storage bin. The emission factors of gaseous pollutants, particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as some PAH concentration ratios for coal and biofuel combustion, were determined. The obtained results indicate that fuel properties have a strong influence on the emission factors of gaseous and carbonaceous pollutants. The total particulate matter (PM) emissions from the biofuel combustion were about 5-fold lower than those from the coal burned in the same boiler. The emission factors of the total carbons from the biofuel combustion were between 10 and 20 times lower than those from the coal combustion. The mean organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) emission factors, based on the burned fuel, were 161–232 and 42–221 mg/kg for the biofuels and 1264 and 3410 g/kg for the coal, respectively. The obtained results indicate that molecular diagnostic ratios, based on the concentration of PAHs, vary significantly, depending on the fuel type.

scholarly journals Aerosol and VOC emission factor measurements for African anthropogenic sources

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sekou Keita ◽  
Cathy Liousse ◽  
Véronique Yoboué ◽  
Pamela Dominutti ◽  
Benjamin Guinot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles

Abstract. A number of campaigns have been carried out to establish the emission factors of pollutants from fuel combustion in West Africa, as part of work package 2 (‘Air Pollution and Health’) of the DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) FP7 program. Emission sources considered here include wood and charcoal burning, charcoal making, open waste burning, and vehicles including trucks, cars, buses and two-wheeled vehicles. Emission factors of total particulate matter, black carbon, primary organic carbon and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) have been established. In addition, emission factor measurements were performed in combustion chambers in order to reproduce field burning conditions for tropical hardwood, and obtain particulate emission factors by size (PM0.25, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10). Aerosol samples were collected on quartz filters and analysed using gravimetric and thermal methods. The emission factors of 50 NMVOC species were determined using systematic off-line sampling. Emission factors from wood burning for black carbon, organic carbon and total particulate matter were 0.8 ± 0.4 g/kg of dry matter (dm), 9.29 ± 3.82 g/kg dm and 34.54 ± 20.6 g/kg dm, respectively. From traffic sources, the highest emission factors for all particulate species were emitted from two wheeled vehicles with two-stroke engines (2.74 g/kg fuel for black carbon, 65.11 g/kg fuel for organic carbon and 496 g/kg fuel for total particulate matter). The emissions of NMVOCs were lower than those of particles for all sources aside from traffic. The largest NMVOC emissions were observed for two-stroke two-wheeled vehicles, which were up to three times higher than emissions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. Isoprene and monoterpenes, which are usually associated with biogenic emissions, were present in almost all anthropogenic source categories and could be as significant as aromatic emissions in wood burning (1 g/kg dm). Black carbon was primarily emitted in the ultrafine fraction, with 77 % of the total mass being emitted as particles smaller than 0.25 µm. This study observed higher particle and NMVOC emission factors than those in the current literature. This study underlines the important role of in-situ measurements in deriving realistic and representative emission factors.

scholarly journals Emission Factors of Particulate Matter and Elemental Carbon for Crop Residues and Coals Burned in Typical Household Stoves in China

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (18) ◽  
pp. 7157-7162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofeng Shen ◽  
Yifeng Yang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Shu Tao ◽  
Chen Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Emission Factors

scholarly journals Benzo[a]pyrene sourcing and abundance in a Coal Region in Transition reveals historical pollution, rendering soil screening levels impractical.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Boente ◽  
Diego Baragaño ◽  
José Luis R. Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Diagnostic Ratios ◽  
Geochemical Background ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Coal Region

Abstract Background Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a hazardous compound for human health and for environmental compartments. Its transfer and deposition through the atmosphere affects soil quality. In this regard, soil screening levels are commonly used to monitor the degree of soil contamination. However, these thresholds are often established without considering historical anthropogenic activities that affect soil (diffuse pollution). In this context, this study had the following objectives: 1) to identify the potential pollutant load of BaP, as well as other Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), in the soil of an area in a prominent Coal Region in Transition in NW Spain; 2) to test whether soil screening levels are realistic and whether they reflect the complexity of regions closely linked to heavy industries and mining; and 3) to determine whether there is a relationship between PAHs and inorganic pollutants. Results The 150 soil samples studied showed a notable content of high molecular weight PAHs. In this regard, BaP surpassed the threshold levels in practically the entire area. Samples fell into groups: a first group of outliers statistically determined through robust Mahalanobis distance, and three more by means of hierarchical cluster analysis. PAH-parent diagrams revealed a relatively homogenous fingerprint for all clusters. In addition, molecular diagnostic ratios pointed to coal combustion as the main pollution source, whereas only a few of the outliers appeared to be related to specific spills. The BaP background was calculated to be 0.24 mg·kg− 1, exceeding the threshold limits established in Spain by more than 10 times. Finally, a factor analysis revealed a moderate correlation of BaP with elements usually associated with coal combustion, such as Tl and V. Conclusions The soils of regions associated with coal exploitation and heavy industry have an indelible pollution fingerprint, caused namely by BaP and other PAHs, which come to form part of the geochemical background. The use of official soil screening levels in such regions is therefore questionable, and hot points should be determined on the basis of soil backgrounds specifically calculated for these areas.

scholarly journals Emission factors for gaseous and particulate pollutants from offshore diesel engine vessels in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 6319-6334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Yingjun Chen ◽  
Chongguo Tian ◽  
Diming Lou ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Total Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Engine Type ◽  
Engine Power

Abstract. Shipping emissions have significant influence on atmospheric environment as well as human health, especially in coastal areas and the harbour districts. However, the contribution of shipping emissions on the environment in China still need to be clarified especially based on measurement data, with the large number ownership of vessels and the rapid developments of ports, international trade and shipbuilding industry. Pollutants in the gaseous phase (carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds) and particle phase (particulate matter, organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfates, nitrate, ammonia, metals) in the exhaust from three different diesel-engine-powered offshore vessels in China (350, 600 and 1600 kW) were measured in this study. Concentrations, fuel-based and power-based emission factors for various operating modes as well as the impact of engine speed on emissions were determined. Observed concentrations and emission factors for carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter were higher for the low-engine-power vessel (HH) than for the two higher-engine-power vessels (XYH and DFH); for instance, HH had NOx EF (emission factor) of 25.8 g kWh−1 compared to 7.14 and 6.97 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH, and PM EF of 2.09 g kWh−1 compared to 0.14 and 0.04 g kWh−1 of DFH, and XYH. Average emission factors for all pollutants except sulfur dioxide in the low-engine-power engineering vessel (HH) were significantly higher than that of the previous studies (such as 30.2 g kg−1 fuel of CO EF compared to 2.17 to 19.5 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies, 115 g kg−1 fuel of NOx EF compared to 22.3 to 87 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies and 9.40 g kg−1 fuel of PM EF compared to 1.2 to 7.6 g kg−1 fuel in previous studies), while for the two higher-engine-power vessels (DFH and XYH), most of the average emission factors for pollutants were comparable to the results of the previous studies, engine type was one of the most important influence factors for the differences. Emission factors for all three vessels were significantly different during different operating modes. Organic carbon and elemental carbon were the main components of particulate matter, while water-soluble ions and elements were present in trace amounts. The test inland ships and some test offshore vessels in China always had higher EFs for CO, NOx, and PM than previous studies. Besides, due to the significant influence of engine type on shipping emissions and that no accurate local EFs could be used in inventory calculation, much more measurement data for different vessels in China are still in urgent need. Best-fit engine speeds during actual operation should be based on both emission factors and economic costs.

Emission factors of PAHs, methoxyphenols, levoglucosan, elemental carbon and organic carbon from simulated wheat and Kentucky bluegrass stubble burns

2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2660-2669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranil Dhammapala ◽  
Candis Claiborn ◽  
Jorge Jimenez ◽  
Jeffrey Corkill ◽  
Brian Gullett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Emission Factors

scholarly journals Decreasing concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols in China from 2003 to 2013

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Cheng ◽  
Judith C. Chow ◽  
John G. Watson ◽  
Jiamao Zhou ◽  
Suixin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Northern Cities ◽  
Secondary Organic Carbon ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

AbstractCarbonaceous aerosols were characterized in 19 Chinese cities during winter and summer of 2013. Measurements of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) levels were compared with those from 14 corresponding cities sampled in 2003 to evaluate effects of emission changes over a decade. Average winter and summer OC and EC decreased by 32% and 17%, respectively, from 2003 to 2013, corresponding to nationwide emission control policies implemented since 2006. The extent of carbon reduction varied by season and by location. Larger reductions were found for secondary organic carbon (SOC, 49%) than primary organic carbon (POC, 25%). PM2.5 mass and total carbon concentrations were three to four times higher during winter than summer especially in the northern cities that use coal combustion for heating.

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