Oil Fumes, Flight Safety, and the NTSB

During its investigations into a series of ten aircraft crashes from 1979 to 1981, US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) officials were presented with a hypothesis that “several” of the crashes could have been caused by pilot impairment from breathing oil fumes inflight. The NTSB and their industry partners ultimately dismissed the hypothesis. The authors reviewed the crash reports, the mechanics of the relevant engine oil seals, and some engine bleed air data to consider whether the dismissal was justified. Four of the nine aircraft crash reports include details which are consistent with pilot impairment caused by breathing oil fumes. None of the tests of ground-based bleed air measurements of a subset of oil-based contaminants generated in the engine type on the crashed aircraft reproduced the inflight conditions that the accident investigators had flagged as potentially unsafe. The NTSB’s conclusion that the hypothesis of pilot incapacitation was “completely without validity” was inconsistent with the evidence. Parties with a commercial conflict of interest should not have played a role in the investigation of their products. There is enough evidence that pilots can be impaired by inhaling oil fumes to motivate more stringent design, operation, and reporting regulations to protect safety of flight.

Environmental Analysis of the Use of Liquefied Natural Gas in Maritime Transport within the Port Environment

Sustainable transport is gaining increasing importance in the political agenda. All modes of transport are obliged to reduce their emissions by both national and international governmental bodies, this requirement being even more necessary in the case of ports due to their traffic density and proximity to the city. The objective of this research is to estimate the atmospheric emissions generated during the operational phases, which are carried out close to Spanish ports. Due to its geographical position, Spain benefits from the routes of the Atlantic corridor and Mediterranean corridor belonging to the principal European transport network. The method uses detailed information about ship movements and ship categories (ship type, engine type, fuel type, etc.). From an environmental point of view, the results show that engines powered by Liquefied Natural Gas, compared to traditional fuels, save between 28% in the case of freight ships and 31% for passenger ships in the emission of CO2 into the atmosphere (52 tons per journey). On the other hand, the saving in NOx emissions is reduced by 87%. In addition, SOx emissions are completely eliminated and PM emissions are reduced to negligible values.

Analisis Bahan Bakar Campuran Methanol dengan Minyak Jarak terhadap Performa Engine 0S 4.6LA Pesawat Terbang Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Technological progress is evidenced by the creation of sophisticated equipment made to simplify human life. One of the advanced equipment continuously developed is an uncrewed aircraft called the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). This study used an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Super Heavy aircraft with a two-stroke engine type OS 4.6 LA where the two-stroke engine requires fuel which can also lubricate the piston while operating. The purpose of this research is to make an alternative fuel with a mixture of methanol and castor oil where castor oil has flammable properties like fuel in general but can provide better lubrication. In this research, an analysis of the mixture of methanol and castor oil will be carried out on engine performance and fuel consumption of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) aircraft with an engine type OS 4.6 LA. This research aims to compare methanol and castor oil with a ratio of 3:1 and 4:1, then test engine performance and fuel consumption. The results confirm that a 4: 1 mixture is the best performer with a stationary rotation of 4184 rpm, an idle rotation of 7344 rpm, and an acceleration rotation or the highest rotation of 12649 rpm. Then the fuel efficiency in the idle position with a flight time of 9.00 minutes consumes 100 ml of fuel, or in other words, the fuel consumption is 11.11 ml/minute.

Decision tree classifiers for unmanned aircraft configuration selection

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the possibility of lowering the time taken during the aircraft design for unmanned aerial vehicles by using machine learning (ML) for the configuration selection phase. In this work, a database of unmanned aircraft is compiled and is proposed that decision tree classifiers (DTC) can understand the relations between mission and operational requirements and the resulting aircraft configuration. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a ML-based approach to configuration selection of unmanned aircraft. Multiple DTC are built to predict the overall configuration. The classifiers are trained with a database of 118 unmanned aircraft with 57 characteristics, 47 of which are inputs for the classification problem, and 10 are the desired outputs, such as wing configuration or engine type. Findings This paper shows that DTC can be used for the configuration selection of unmanned aircraft with reasonable accuracy, understanding the connections between the different mission requirements and the culminating configuration. The framework is also capable of dealing with incomplete databases, maximizing the available knowledge. Originality/value This paper increases the computational usage for the aircraft design while retaining requirements’ traceability and increasing decision awareness.

Napisy filmowe jako źródło ekwiwalentów przekładowych w polsko-czeskim korpusie równoległym InterCorp

The article focuses on using film subtitles in the process of establishing Polish-Czech language pairs. Research material comes from the resources of the OpenSubtitles website with non-professional subtitling. The research material was analysed using KonText – the main search tool in InterCorp. As a starting point, the author analysed a dictionary entry for the Polish exclamation cholera in a traditional Polish translation dictionary like Polish-Czech Dictionary (Oliva). It presents translation equivalents in translation pairs such as cholera – sakra, hergot, do cholery – do hajzlu, idź do cholery – táhni ke všem čertům, do jasnej cholery – k sakru, do hajzlu, cholera mnie bierze – čerti mě berou. All the translation equivalent pairs have been analysed using the corpus analysis with three functionalities available in the KonText search engine: type of question (typ dotazu), content of the equivalent (obsahuje), and limiting search (omezit hledání). The conducted corpus analysis allowed for the verification of information in the traditional dictionary, but also to find newequivalents that have not been registered yet which could also be used in translation.

The effect analysis of the stiffness changes of a Traditional Fishing Boat Foundation on Vibration Amplitude

The ship with the outboard engine is intended to make it easier for fishers to operate and maintain. However, the magnitude of the vibration due to the excitation of the engine during operation adversely affects the surrounding structures. It is evidenced by measuring the vibration amplitude of more than 0.02 mm at several points around the ship engine foundation. This study aims to reduce these vibrations by changing the canal's dimensions as a foundation and using damping rubber as the simplest solution. The analysis was carried out by calculating the vibration parameters of 2 types of machines, SR1110 and S1100. The numerical method is used to calculate the vibration's amplitude by varying the value of channel stiffness and rubber damping on the machine foundation. Supporting data is obtained by measuring the vibration amplitude at several points around the foundation. The magnitude of the previous vibration amplitude is 0.078 mm for the SR1110 type and 0.069 mm for the S1100 type, which exceeds the limit still. The amplitude is reduced by changing the foundation's dimensions and using a rubber damper (c). With the new foundation dimensions, the amplitude for the diesel engine type SR1110 becomes 0.0245 mm and type S1100 becomes 0.0238 mm. Increased stiffness and the addition of rubber succeeded in reducing the vibration amplitude by a significant value. The amplitude was reduced by 69% for the SR1110 engine type and 65% for the S1100 engine type within the allowable limit of less than 0.02 mm to 0.03 mm based on Barkan's observation results.

Underwater Noise for a Variety of Traditional Fishing Boats in Cilacap Waters, Indonesia

As the main contributor to noise pollution in Cilacap waters, the noise characteristics of traditional fishing boats based on distance are very important to be studied. This research aimed to determine noise intensity and frequency based on the distance for each traditional fishing boat (3, 5, and 10 GT). The results showed that these boats emitting noise with broadband frequency and receive levels reached 153 dB re 1 μPa. The noise characteristics were different for each type of ship due to differences in the size, engine type, and operational speed. The receive level had the same decreased pattern based on the distance for each noise frequency, but with a different intensity. Meanwhile, the noise frequency had increased quadratically based on the distance, where the higher frequency, the greater change so that the noise was not detected faster.

Characteristics of injection of diesel fuel, rapeseed oil and their mixtures in diesel engines of various types

The necessity of adapting diesel engines to work on vegetable oils is justified. The possibility of using rapeseed oil and its mixtures with petroleum diesel fuel as motor fuels is considered. Experimental studies of fuel injection of small high-speed diesel engine type MD-6 (1 Ch 8,0/7,5)when using diesel oil and rapeseed oil and computational studies of auto-tractor diesel engine type D-245.12 (1 ChN 11/12,5), working on blends of petroleum diesel fuel and rapeseed oil. When switching autotractor diesel engine from diesel fuel to rapeseed oil in the full-fuel mode, the mass cycle fuel supply increased by 12 %, and in the small-size high-speed diesel engine – by about 27 %. From the point of view of the flow of the working process of these diesel engines, changes in other parameters of the fuel injection process are less significant. Keywords diesel engine; petroleum diesel fuel; vegetable oil; rapeseed oil; high pressure fuel pump; fuel injector; sprayer