scholarly journals Are CH4, CO2, and N2O Emissions from Soil Affected by the Sources and Doses of N in Warm-Season Pasture?

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Darlena Caroline da Cruz Corrêa ◽  
Abmael da Silva Cardoso ◽  
Mariane Rodrigues Ferreira ◽  
Débora Siniscalchi ◽  
Ariana Desie Toniello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ghg Fluxes

The intensification of pasture production has increased the use of N fertilizers—a practice that can alter soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fluxes of CH4, CO2, and N2O in the soil of Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’ pastures fertilized with different sources and doses of N. Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate GHG fluxes following N fertilization with urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate at doses of 0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha−1. GHG fluxes were quantified using the static chamber technique and gas chromatography. In both experiments, the sources and doses of N did not significantly affect cumulative GHG emissions, while N fertilization significantly affected cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions compared to the control treatment. The N2O emission factor following fertilization with urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate was lower than the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change standard (0.35%, 0.24%, and 0.21%, respectively, with fractionation fertilization and 1.00%, 0.83%, and 1.03%, respectively, with single fertilization). These findings are important for integrating national inventories and improving GHG estimation in tropical regions.

scholarly journals Ammonia Volatilization, Forage Accumulation, and Nutritive Value of Marandu Palisade Grass Pastures in Different N Sources and Doses

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Darlena Caroline da Cruz Corrêa ◽  
Abmael da Silva Cardoso ◽  
Mariane Rodrigues Ferreira ◽  
Débora Siniscalchi ◽  
Pedro Henrique de Almeida Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
The Impact

The reduction in ammonia (NH3) losses from volatilization has significant implications in forage production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of N fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate) and four doses (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N ha−1) on N losses by NH3 volatilization, accumulation, and forage chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu. Two field experiments were conducted to measure NH3 losses using semi-open chambers. The forage accumulation and chemical composition were evaluated in the third experiment; the response variables included forage accumulation, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Compared to urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate reduced NH3 losses by 84% and 87% and increased total forage accumulation by 14% and 23%, respectively. Forage accumulation rate and CP increased linearly with the N levels, while NDF contents decreased linearly with the N levels. In both experiments, NH3 losses and forage characteristics were different according to the rainfall pattern and temperature variations. Our results indicate that the use of nitric and ammoniacal fertilizers and the application of fertilizer in the rainy season constitute an efficient fertilizer management strategy to increase forage yield and decrease losses from volatilization of NH3.

Sources and management of nitrogen before or after irrigation on the winter wheat and bean production

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávio Hiroshi Kaneko ◽  
Michelle Traete Sabundjian ◽  
João Paulo Ferreira ◽  
Douglas Castilho Gitti ◽  
Vagner do Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
N Content ◽  
N Sources ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Polymer Coated Urea

Studies that demonstrate the effects of sources of nitrogen (N) applied before or after irrigation on the yield of winter crops are limited in literature. In this sense, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of sources of N applied immediately before or after 13 mm irrigation of wheat and bean winter crops. It was used a randomized complete block design, with 4 replicates, in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, and 11 treatments consisted of five N sources: urea, polymer-coated urea, urea + ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium nitrate and a control treatment (without N fertilization). For wheat, although ammonium nitrate provided great N content in the leaves, the grain yield was lower due to the lodging of the plants; since the application of N either before or after irrigation did not influence the grain yield. Regarding the bean, N fertilization increased productivity, but there were no differences among N sources and, despite the greater N content in the leaves observed with the N supply before irrigation the greatest grain yield was observed when N was applied after the irrigation.

scholarly journals Adjuvant Effects on Imazethapyr, 2,4-D and Picloram Absorption by Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mack Thompson ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Robert A. Masters
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Adjuvant Effects

Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77®, Sylgard® 309, Silwet® 408), 3:1 mixtures of acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha−1), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). Adjuvants were combined with14C-herbicide and commercially formulated herbicide product. Leaves were harvested 2 DAT, rinsed with 10% aqueous methanol to remove surface deposits of herbicide, and dipped in 9:1 hexane:acetone to solubilize cuticular waxes. Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSO. Total absorption of imazethapyr plus COC, MSO, or NIS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added. Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%. Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added; however, 12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309. Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78% and was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40: Silwet L-77. Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%. Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha-1ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%.

scholarly journals The impact of nitrogen fertilizer injection on kernel yield and yield formation of maize

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. Kubešová ◽  
J. Balík ◽  
O. Sedlář ◽  
L. Peklová
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Yield Formation ◽  
The Impact

In field experiments over three vegetation periods (2010–2012) we studied impact of the CULTAN (controlled uptake long term ammonium nutrition) method on yield and yield parameters of kernel maize. The field experiments were conducted at three sites with different soil-climatic conditions. CULTAN treatments were fertilized once with the total amount of nitrogen using an injection machine (at the canopy height of 20 cm) and compared to conventional fertilization with calcium ammonium nitrate application at pre-sowing preparations. In all treatments the amount of nitrogen was the same, 140 kg N/ha. In 2010 at Humpolec site, CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate + inhibitor of nitrification treatment gave by 20.5% higher number of ears compared to CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate treatment. In 2011 at Ivanovice all CULTAN treatments reached statistically significantly higher number of kernels per ear. The higher 1000 kernel weight at CULTAN treatments was observed in 2012 at the Ivanovice site; a statistically significant difference between conventional and CULTAN urea ammonium nitrate + inhibitor of nitrification treatment was observed. Fertilization of maize with nitrogen using the CULTAN method under the conditions of the Czech Republic provides the same yield certainty as the conventional surface application and the CULTAN method of fertilization increases the yield certainty at delayed sowing. Harvest index was statistically significantly influenced by year, fertilization treatment and site.

scholarly journals Ammonia loss from urea in grassland and its mitigation by the new urease inhibitor 2-NPT

2016 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 1453-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SCHRAML ◽  
R. GUTSER ◽  
H. MAIER ◽  
U. SCHMIDHALTER
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Ammonia Loss ◽  
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dynamic Chamber ◽  
High Ammonia ◽  
Phosphoric Triamide ◽  
Urea Granules

SUMMARYFollowing the surface application of granulated urea to grassland, high ammonia (NH3) losses of up to 30% have been reported. The addition of a urease inhibitor (UI) to urea granules could be a way to abate these losses. Field experiments were conducted at two intensive grassland sites in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the potential of the new UI N-(2-nitrophenyl) phosphoric triamide (2-NPT; concentrations of 0·75, 1·0 and 1·5 g N/kg) to reduce NH3 emissions resulting from the application of granulated urea. Ammonia losses were continuously measured on plots fertilized with urea, urea + 2-NPT, calcium ammonium nitrate and a control (0N). The measurements were made with a dynamic chamber system. All measurement periods were started after a period of precipitation with a following rainless period being forecasted. Results over measurement periods of 10 days following fertilization are presented. Ammonia losses following the application of granulated urea varied between 4·6 and 11·8 kg N/ha, corresponding to 4·2 up to 14·0% of the applied nitrogen. The addition of 2-NPT to urea granules at three concentrations significantly reduced NH3 losses by 69–100%. Comparable losses of NH3 were observed for urea containing the UI 2-NPT as well as calcium ammonium nitrate, and were not significantly different from the control treatment. No relationships between losses, meteorological factors and soil moisture were observed. The addition of the UI 2-NPT to urea granules applied on grassland effectively reduced NH3 losses.

Adjuvant Combinations with Quizalofop for Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Control in Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Stougaard
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate

Field experiments were conducted at Kalispell, MT, to determine the optimum adjuvant combination for wild oat control in peppermint with quizalofop. Quizalofop was applied to four- and eight-leaf wild oat plants at 20 and 50 g ai/ha with either a nonionic surfactant (NIS) or methylated seed oil (MSO) alone or in combination with 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) liquid fertilizer. Differences among adjuvants were most apparent when quizalofop was applied at the lowest rate. MSO was more effective than NIS for enhancing quizalofop activity. Quizalofop efficacy with both adjuvants increased when applied with UAN. Greater than 90% wild oat control was obtained with the lowest rate when applied with MSO plus UAN to four-leaf wild oat plants. These results demonstrate the potential to improve the consistency of weed control as well as reduce postemergence herbicide rates when applied with the proper adjuvant combination.

scholarly journals Emission of nitrous oxide in flooded rice cultivation in tropical area of Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoná Serpa Mascarenhas ◽  
Mellissa Ananias Soler da Silva ◽  
Vládia Correchel ◽  
Alberto Baêta dos Santos ◽  
Márcia Thaís de Melo Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
N2o Fluxes

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilizers on the N dynamics and grain yield in flooded rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation in Brazilian tropical wetland. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with six treatments, as follows: common and protected urea; topdressing application of N doses (30, 70, and 150 kg ha-1); and one control treatment, without N fertilization. Emissions of N2O-N, global warming potential (pGWP), emission factors (EF) for mineral fertilizers, grain yield, emission intensity, nitrate, ammonium, pH, and potential redox were quantified. Gas sampling was carried out in two crop seasons of rice cultivation and in one off-season. During the flooded period of the two crop seasons, N2O fluxes did not exceed 862.41 μg m-2 h-1 N2O-N; in the off-season, the fluxes varied from -52.95 to 274.34 μg m-2 h-1 N2O-N. Consistent emission peaks were observed in soil draining before harvest, when the highest rate of both N sources was used, and also in the control treatment in the off-season. Protected urea does not reduce N2O emissions or EF. Nitrogen increases the grain yield. Protected urea does not have any effect on the pGWP. The concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ in the soil are not related to N2O fluxes.

Quizalofop and Sethoxydim Activity as Affected by Adjuvants and Ammonium Fertilizers

Weed Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Beckett ◽  
Edward W. Stoller ◽  
Loren E. Bode
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Ammonium fertilizers, petroleum oil concentrate, and nonionic surfactant were evaluated as postemergence spray additives to improve giant foxtail and volunteer corn control by 28 g ai ha−1of the ethyl ester of quizalofop or 56 g ha−1sethoxydim. Additions of 0.25% by vol nonionic surfactant or 2.5% petroleum oil concentrate improved grass control, but additions of 10% urea ammonium nitrate (28-0-0), 10% ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0), or 0.1M ammonium sulfate (21-0-0-24S) did not consistently affect grass control. In laboratory studies with corn, greatest14C absorption from leaf-applied14C-quizalofop (8 h after treatment) was found with additions of petroleum oil concentrate (80% absorbed) or nonionic surfactant (18% absorbed), while less absorption was observed with treatments containing either no additive, urea ammonium nitrate, ammonium polyphosphate, or ammonium sulfate (8 to 13% absorbed). Surface tension and droplet size of spray solutions were affected primarily by additions of nonionic surfactant, petroleum oil concentrate, and the formulated herbicides. Solution density, solute potential, pH, and buffering capacity were primarily affected by fertilizer additions.

Mitigation of ammonia volatilisation from urea with micronised sulfur applied to common bean

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol ◽  
Danilo Silva Almeida ◽  
Cleiton José Alves ◽  
Rogério Peres Soratto ◽  
Evelin Oliveira Krebsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonia Volatilisation ◽  
Sulfate Application ◽  
Urea Granules

Urea with micronised sulfur (S) in granules may result in lower nitrogen (N) depletion through ammoniacal N (NH3-N) loss than conventional urea due to the acidification reaction of S near urea granules in soil, and the addition of S to the urea may provide a limiting nutrient in tropical soils. The research objectives were to (1) verify whether urea containing micronised S (urea+S) can mitigate NH3-N volatilisation in comparison to conventional urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate; and (2) evaluate the efficiency of N and S sources for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown on coarse-, medium-, and fine-textured soil. The results showed that ~90% of NH3-N volatilisation occurred during the first 14 days after application. The blend of elemental sulfur and sulfate in urea reduces the loss of N by NH3-N volatilisation compared with regular urea but not enough to achieve the low volatilisation as observed for ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate application. Despite the differences in the leaf N and S concentration and bean yield components, no differences were observed among N sources in grain yield in general.

Interaction of glyphosate with postemergence soybean (Glycine max) herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Lich ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Selective Herbicide

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for antagonistic or synergistic interactions from tank mixtures of glyphosate plus a selective herbicide applied postemergence. In the greenhouse, glyphosate at 420 g ae ha−1plus 28% liquid urea-ammonium nitrate (28% UAN) provided at least 89% control of common lambsquarters and common ragweed. Glyphosate at 1,680 g ha−1plus 28% UAN provided less than 81% control of velvetleaf and less than 75% control of ivyleaf morningglory. Tank mixing bentazon at 1,120 g ai ha−1with glyphosate at 420 g ha−1synergistically increased control of velvetleaf. Tank mixtures of glyphosate plus a selective herbicide were predominately additive in control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and velvetleaf. Several tank mix combinations of chlorimuron or imazethapyr plus glyphosate plus 28% UAN were antagonistic in control of ivyleaf morningglory. In the field, glyphosate at 840 g ha−1plus 28% UAN provided at least 88% control of common lambsquarters and velvetleaf in 1994. However, glyphosate at 840 g ha−1plus 28% UAN provided only 60% control of velvetleaf in 1995. Tank-mixing bentazon or CGA-248757 with glyphosate at 420 g ha−1increased velvetleaf and common lambsquarters control in 1995. In general, adding chlorimuron, imazethapyr, or thifensulfuron to glyphosate plus 28% UAN did not increase control of common lambsquarters or velvetleaf. Tank mixing imazethapyr with glyphosate plus 28% UAN antagonized velvetleaf control in 1994 and in 1995. The tank mixture of thifensulfuron at 2 g ha−1plus glyphosate at 420 g ha−1plus 28% UAN increased soybean injury in the field in 1994. However, tank mixing chlorimuron, imazethapyr, or thifensulfuron with glyphosate plus 28% UAN did not increase soybean injury in the greenhouse or in the field in 1995.

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