scholarly journals History and Current Status of Phytoplasma Diseases in the Middle East

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Chamran Hemmati ◽  
Mehrnoosh Nikooei ◽  
Ali M. Al-Subhi ◽  
Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Orosius Albicinctus

Phytoplasmas that are associated with fruit crops, vegetables, cereal and oilseed crops, trees, ornamental, and weeds are increasing at an alarming rate in the Middle East. Up to now, fourteen 16Sr groups of phytoplasma have been identified in association with more than 164 plant species in this region. Peanut witches’ broom phytoplasma strains (16SrII) are the prevalent group, especially in the south of Iran and Gulf states, and have been found to be associated with 81 host plant species. In addition, phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrVI, 16SrIX, and 16SrXII groups have been frequently reported from a wide range of crops. On the other hand, phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrIV, 16SrV, 16SrX, 16SrXI, 16SrXIV, and 16SrXXIX groups have limited geographical distribution and host range. Twenty-two insect vectors have been reported as putative phytoplasma vectors in the Middle East, of which Orosius albicinctus can transmit diverse phytoplasma strains. Almond witches’ broom, tomato big bud, lime witches’ broom, and alfalfa witches’ broom are known as the most destructive diseases. The review summarizes phytoplasma diseases in the Middle East, with specific emphasis on the occurrence, host range, and transmission of the most common phytoplasma groups.

Sectarian struggle in the Middle East and the new Alliances

2019 ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Harith Qahtan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Era ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The World ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Other World ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
New Formation

Our Islamic world passes a critical period representing on factional, racial and sectarian struggle especially in the Middle East, which affects the Islamic identification union. The world passes a new era of civilization formation, and what these a new formation which affects to the Islamic civilization especially in Syria, Iraq, Yemen, and Lebanon. The sectarian struggle led to heavy sectarian alliances from Arab Gulf states and Turkey from one side and Iran states and its alliances in the other side. The Sunni and Shia struggle are weaken the World Islamic civilization and it is competitive among other world civilization.

scholarly journals Evaluation of host testing by comparing ingestion and settling behaviours

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R.M. Sandanayaka ◽  
N.E.M. Page-Weir
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Host Feeding ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Epg Technique ◽  
Host Testing

The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique is being developed for rapid assessment of host range of potential xylem feeding invaders in New Zealand Stylet penetration behaviours of adult spittle bug Carystoterpa fingens were monitored for 12 h on grape lemon apple and kiwifruit plants using EPG A multiplechoice test of all four plant species was conducted concurrently with the EPG tests for comparison In EPG tests the longest probing and ingestion periods were recorded on grape and lemon while the shortest probing and ingestion periods were recorded on apple Results for kiwifruit were intermediate and not significantly different from the other plant types In the multiplechoice tests more insects were found on grape and lemon than on apple and kiwifruit The similar ranking of the host plants in both multiplechoice and EPG tests suggests that EPG is a valid tool for rapidly assessing host feeding acceptance and preference

SOME HOST PLANTS OF A CANADIAN ISOLATE OF THE CLOVER PHYLLODY VIRUS

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Chiykowski
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Canadian Isolate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Clover Phyllody

Clover phyllody symptoms appeared on 34 species of plants in 13 families inoculated by infective Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål) or Aphrodes bicinctus (Schrank). Forty-five other species of plants in 12 families showed no infection although they were inoculated by insects shown to be infective by subsequent transmission to aster. M. fascifrons also transmitted CPV from 17 of 18 infected species tested. Characteristic symptoms on infected plants of some of the species are described and illustrated.Efficiency of transmission and the ability to survive on a wide range of plant species demonstrates the importance of M. fascifrons as a vector for host range studies.

The Mideast: Figures in the Carpet

Worldview ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
Robert K. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Iraq War ◽  
Arab World ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Middle East Politics ◽  
Revolutionary Regime ◽  
The U.S

It is not a joking matter, but the state of Middle East politics is nothing if not absurd. Which is to say that, to the Westerner at least, the most recent rearrangement of alliances, conflicts, and rivalries follows no readily apparent pattern of loyalty or consistency—either religious or political. The Iran-Iraq war seems to have crystalized the fragmented Arab world into two opposing blocs, those siding with non-Arab Iran and those backing Saddam Hussein. But Libya and Syria, the two most pro-Soviet countries, have sided with anti-Communist, anti-Soviet Khomeini. On the other hand the Imam is opposed by the two anti-Soviet monarchies of lordan and Saudi Arabia and the non-Communist Gulf states led by pro-Soviet Iraq. The two monarchies might be expected to oppose Iran's revolutionary regime but hardly to ally themselves with a regime no less revolutionary in its own way than Iran. Not to put too fine a point on it, it was the 1958 Iraq revolution that murder ed King Faisal II, ruler of Iraq and cousin to King Hussein. We find Sunni Libya, which has sought to embarrass Alawite president of Syria Assad by stirring up opposition among the Sunni majority of Syria, united with Assad to give aid and comfort to the Shiite leader of Iran. Syria and Iraq, which are hostile to each other, are ruled by the two extant leaders of thp Baath or Renaissance party dedicated to the unity of the Arab peoples. We find Soviet-client Iraq allied with the most proAmerican states, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, against the most anti-American state, Iran. Soviet weaponry provides the security of the Arab axis against American weaponry provided to the shah. Meanwhile, Iran credits the U.S. with starting the war, even though Iran is being attacked with Soviet weaponry.

scholarly journals Current Status of Fusarium oxysporum Formae Speciales and Races

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Edel-Hermann ◽  
C. Lecomte
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Formae Speciales ◽  
Forma Specialis ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum Species Complex

The Fusarium oxysporum species complex includes both plant pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains, which are commonly found in soils. F. oxysporum has received considerable attention from plant pathologists for more than a century owing to its broad host range and the economic losses it causes. The narrow host specificity of pathogenic strains has led to the concept of formae speciales, each forma specialis grouping strains with the same host range. Initially restricted to one plant species, this host range was later found to be broader for many formae speciales. In addition, races were identified in some formae speciales, generally with cultivar-level specialization. In 1981, Armstrong and Armstrong listed 79 F. oxysporum formae speciales and mentioned races in 16 of them. Since then, the known host range of F. oxysporum has considerably increased, and many new formae speciales and races have been identified. We carried out a comprehensive search of the literature to propose this review of F. oxysporum formae speciales and races. We recorded 106 well-characterized formae speciales, together with 37 insufficiently documented ones, and updated knowledge on races and host ranges. We also recorded 58 plant species/genera susceptible to F. oxysporum but for which a forma specialis has not been characterized yet. This review raises issues regarding the nomenclature and the description of F. oxysporum formae speciales and races.

scholarly journals Distribution and Host Range of the Burrowing Nematode in Puerto Rican Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Alejandro Ayala ◽  
Jessé Román
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Burrowing Nematode

Because of quarantine recently established by the State of California on ornamental material imported from Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Florida, a study was undertaken in 1955, which lasted until 1960, to determine the distribution of the burrowing nematode in Puerto Rico. Six of the most important ornamental nurseries and several localities in which economic important crops are grown were sampled. Eight different ornamental plants were found infected with burrowing nematodes in three of the nurseries. The nematode was found to be widely distributed and a serious problem in one of the nurseries, where it was presumably introduced with infected banana material. In the other two the nematode was present in limited numbers only and infected very few plants. The nematode was well distributed in banana and plantain, in which it caused a root rot condition that usually destroyed whole plantations. The distribution of the nematode and symptoms caused to these crops are discussed. Coffee and noncultivated cotton were also found to be attacked by the nematode. Five of the twelve plant species here reported as hosts of the burrowing nematode in Puerto Rico are probably newly reported hosts.

scholarly journals Diversity of foliicolous lichens in Shivamogga district, Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shravan Kumar Subramanya ◽  
Y.L. Krishnamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Evergreen Forests ◽  
Foliicolous Lichens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calamus Thwaitesii

Foliicolous lichens are one of the poorly documented groups of organisms found exclusively in evergreen forests. Very few works have been done on this group of lichens in the state of Karnataka. Hence, the present study is carried out to document the diversity of foliicolous lichens in evergreen, shola and semi-evergreen forest patches of Shivamogga district, Karnataka. Thirty-three species of foliicolous lichens are documented in the present study belonging to 16 genera and nine families. Among them Porina multiloculata, P. epiphylla, P. karnatakensis and Tricharia allostrigosa are the most dominant species. Whereas, Mazosia bambusae, Porina nitidula, P. semecarpi, P. microcarpa and Tapellaria phyllophila are less dominant species. Calamus thwaitesii supports wide range of foliicolous lichens. Cinnamomum macrocarpum, Dimocarpus longan, Memecylon malabaricum and Pinanga dicksonii are the other important plant species commonly supporting the foliicolous lichens in the study area. In the selected small study area, we are able to document 33 species of epiphyllous lichens. More explorations may yield many additions to the present knowledge.

A Case of Attempted Segmental Modernization: Rampur State, 1930–1939

1981 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-381
Author(s):  
Lance Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
National Congress ◽  
The One ◽  
Indian National Congress

The last major bastions of dynastic rule exist among the Muslim states of the Middle East. In the last thirty years, as they have emerged from under the “protective” umbrella of European domination, the rulers of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the Gulf States have attempted to maintain their personal control while coping with problems, on the one hand of unstable external conditions, and on the other of the pursuit of economic and administrative modernization. Their successes and, more recently, their failures, have held the attention of the world. In some ways their predicament represents a more acute aspect of the problem confronting some of the Indian princes in the 1930s when, as British dominance in the subcontinent was increasingly challenged by the Indian National Congress, they attempted to lead their states on the first halting steps towards modernity.

scholarly journals Fast–slow continuum and reproductive strategies structure plant life-history variation worldwide

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Salguero-Gómez ◽  
Owen R. Jones ◽  
Eelke Jongejans ◽  
Simon P. Blomberg ◽  
David J. Hodgson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Reproduction Strategy ◽  
Wide Range

The identification of patterns in life-history strategies across the tree of life is essential to our prediction of population persistence, extinction, and diversification. Plants exhibit a wide range of patterns of longevity, growth, and reproduction, but the general determinants of this enormous variation in life history are poorly understood. We use demographic data from 418 plant species in the wild, from annual herbs to supercentennial trees, to examine how growth form, habitat, and phylogenetic relationships structure plant life histories and to develop a framework to predict population performance. We show that 55% of the variation in plant life-history strategies is adequately characterized using two independent axes: the fast–slow continuum, including fast-growing, short-lived plant species at one end and slow-growing, long-lived species at the other, and a reproductive strategy axis, with highly reproductive, iteroparous species at one extreme and poorly reproductive, semelparous plants with frequent shrinkage at the other. Our findings remain consistent across major habitats and are minimally affected by plant growth form and phylogenetic ancestry, suggesting that the relative independence of the fast–slow and reproduction strategy axes is general in the plant kingdom. Our findings have similarities with how life-history strategies are structured in mammals, birds, and reptiles. The position of plant species populations in the 2D space produced by both axes predicts their rate of recovery from disturbances and population growth rate. This life-history framework may complement trait-based frameworks on leaf and wood economics; together these frameworks may allow prediction of responses of plants to anthropogenic disturbances and changing environments.

scholarly journals Suitability of five plant species extracts for their compatibility with indigenous Beauveria bassiana against Aphis gossypii Glov. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy Sayed ◽  
Sayed-Ashraf Elarnaouty ◽  
Esmat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major insect pest on a wide range of plants that causes high damage and transmits plant viruses. This study was carried out to evaluate an indigenous isolate, Beauveria bassiana (Bb), and extracts of 5 plant species: Psiadia penninervia, Pulicaria crispa, Euryops arabicus, Salvia officinalis, and Ochradenus baccatus against A. gossypii, as individual and combined treatments to estimate their compatibility under laboratory conditions. Also, the antifungal activity of these plant extracts against B. bassiana was evaluated. Results LC50 value was 8.64 × 104 spores/ml of Bb against A. gossypii, while LC50 values of the tested 5 plant extracts on A. gossypii were 103.64, 879.92, 747.90, 783.28, and 262.42 μg/ml for P. penninervia, P. crispa, E. arabicus, S. officinalis, and O. baccatus, respectively. Both P. penninervia and O. baccatus extracts had the highest antifungal activities against Bb and were significantly different from the other 3 plant extracts. After 24 h of treatment with the combination of Bb and each extract, no effect for these combinations on A. gossypii mortality was recorded. Meanwhile, 5 days after treatment, the combined treatments between Bb and each plant extract achieved a significant increase in mortality than that of the single treatment with Bb or plant extract, except for P. penninervia extract, which did not achieve a significant mortality increase when combined with B. bassiana than that of its single treatment. Conclusion P. penninervia extract was not compatible with B. bassiana, but the other tested 4 plant extracts were compatible with B. bassiana. These 4 plant extracts could be used to control aphids in combinations with B. bassiana. Further laboratory and field investigations are needed to examine the effects of these plant extracts on other insect pests or associated beneficial insects.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document