scholarly journals Suitability of five plant species extracts for their compatibility with indigenous Beauveria bassiana against Aphis gossypii Glov. (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy Sayed ◽  
Sayed-Ashraf Elarnaouty ◽  
Esmat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Combined Treatments ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glov. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major insect pest on a wide range of plants that causes high damage and transmits plant viruses. This study was carried out to evaluate an indigenous isolate, Beauveria bassiana (Bb), and extracts of 5 plant species: Psiadia penninervia, Pulicaria crispa, Euryops arabicus, Salvia officinalis, and Ochradenus baccatus against A. gossypii, as individual and combined treatments to estimate their compatibility under laboratory conditions. Also, the antifungal activity of these plant extracts against B. bassiana was evaluated. Results LC50 value was 8.64 × 104 spores/ml of Bb against A. gossypii, while LC50 values of the tested 5 plant extracts on A. gossypii were 103.64, 879.92, 747.90, 783.28, and 262.42 μg/ml for P. penninervia, P. crispa, E. arabicus, S. officinalis, and O. baccatus, respectively. Both P. penninervia and O. baccatus extracts had the highest antifungal activities against Bb and were significantly different from the other 3 plant extracts. After 24 h of treatment with the combination of Bb and each extract, no effect for these combinations on A. gossypii mortality was recorded. Meanwhile, 5 days after treatment, the combined treatments between Bb and each plant extract achieved a significant increase in mortality than that of the single treatment with Bb or plant extract, except for P. penninervia extract, which did not achieve a significant mortality increase when combined with B. bassiana than that of its single treatment. Conclusion P. penninervia extract was not compatible with B. bassiana, but the other tested 4 plant extracts were compatible with B. bassiana. These 4 plant extracts could be used to control aphids in combinations with B. bassiana. Further laboratory and field investigations are needed to examine the effects of these plant extracts on other insect pests or associated beneficial insects.

scholarly journals Effects of plant extracts on antioxidant status and oxidant-induced stress in Caco-2 cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Aisling Aherne ◽  
Joseph P. Kerry ◽  
Nora M. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Antioxidant Status ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Cell Membrane Integrity ◽  
Wide Range

Experimental evidence suggests that most herbs and spices possess a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities that may protect tissues against O2-induced damage. The objectives of the present study were: first, to determine the effects of plant extracts on the viability, membrane integrity, antioxidant status and DNA integrity of Caco-2 cells and second, to investigate the cytoprotective and genoprotective effects of these plant extracts against oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. The plant extracts examined were rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.). Cell membrane integrity was assessed by the lactate dehydrogenase release assay. Viability was determined by the neutral red uptake assay (NRUA) and the concentration of compound that resulted in 50 % cell death (IC50) was calculated. Antioxidant status of the cells was assessed by measuring GSH content, catalase activity and superoxide dismutase activity. To examine their cytoprotective and genoprotective effects, Caco-2 cells were pre-treated with each plant extract for 24 h followed by exposure to H2O2. DNA damage was assessed by the comet assay and cell injury was determined by the NRUA. Rosemary was the most toxic (IC50 123 μg/ml) and echinacea the least toxic (IC50 1421 μg/ml). Sage was the only plant extract to affect the antioxidant status of the cells by increasing GSH content. Sage, oregano and rosemary protected against H2O2-induced DNA damage (olive tail moment and percentage tail DNA), whereas protection against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity was afforded by sage only.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas-Led Revolution in Diagnosis and Management of Emerging Plant Viruses: New Avenues Toward Food and Nutritional Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susheel Kumar Sharma ◽  
Om Prakash Gupta ◽  
Neeta Pathaw ◽  
Devender Sharma ◽  
Albert Maibam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Genome Engineering ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Cas Proteins

Plant viruses pose a serious threat to agricultural production systems worldwide. The world's population is expected to reach the 10-billion mark by 2057. Under the scenario of declining cultivable land and challenges posed by rapidly emerging and re-emerging plant pathogens, conventional strategies could not accomplish the target of keeping pace with increasing global food demand. Gene-editing techniques have recently come up as promising options to enable precise changes in genomes with greater efficiency to achieve the target of higher crop productivity. Of genome engineering tools, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins have gained much popularity, owing to their simplicity, reproducibility, and applicability in a wide range of species. Also, the application of different Cas proteins, such as Cas12a, Cas13a, and Cas9 nucleases, has enabled the development of more robust strategies for the engineering of antiviral mechanisms in many plant species. Recent studies have revealed the use of various CRISPR-Cas systems to either directly target a viral gene or modify a host genome to develop viral resistance in plants. This review provides a comprehensive record of the use of the CRISPR-Cas system in the development of antiviral resistance in plants and discusses its applications in the overall enhancement of productivity and nutritional landscape of cultivated plant species. Furthermore, the utility of this technique for the detection of various plant viruses could enable affordable and precise in-field or on-site detection. The futuristic potential of CRISPR-Cas technologies and possible challenges with their use and application are highlighted. Finally, the future of CRISPR-Cas in sustainable management of viral diseases, and its practical utility and regulatory guidelines in different parts of the globe are discussed systematically.

scholarly journals History and Current Status of Phytoplasma Diseases in the Middle East

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Chamran Hemmati ◽  
Mehrnoosh Nikooei ◽  
Ali M. Al-Subhi ◽  
Abdullah M. Al-Sadi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Oilseed Crops ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
Orosius Albicinctus

Phytoplasmas that are associated with fruit crops, vegetables, cereal and oilseed crops, trees, ornamental, and weeds are increasing at an alarming rate in the Middle East. Up to now, fourteen 16Sr groups of phytoplasma have been identified in association with more than 164 plant species in this region. Peanut witches’ broom phytoplasma strains (16SrII) are the prevalent group, especially in the south of Iran and Gulf states, and have been found to be associated with 81 host plant species. In addition, phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrVI, 16SrIX, and 16SrXII groups have been frequently reported from a wide range of crops. On the other hand, phytoplasmas belonging to 16SrIV, 16SrV, 16SrX, 16SrXI, 16SrXIV, and 16SrXXIX groups have limited geographical distribution and host range. Twenty-two insect vectors have been reported as putative phytoplasma vectors in the Middle East, of which Orosius albicinctus can transmit diverse phytoplasma strains. Almond witches’ broom, tomato big bud, lime witches’ broom, and alfalfa witches’ broom are known as the most destructive diseases. The review summarizes phytoplasma diseases in the Middle East, with specific emphasis on the occurrence, host range, and transmission of the most common phytoplasma groups.

scholarly journals First Report of Potato virus Y in Nicotiana mutabilis in France

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cardin ◽  
B. Moury
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Potato Virus Y ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Systemic Vein ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Das Elisa

Nicotiana mutabilis Stehmann & Semir is a recently described perennial plant species from southern Brazil that produces long floral stems with white to deep pink flowers and is used for its ornamental quality. In 2003, leaf mosaic symptoms were observed in all 30 N. mutabilis plants in a nursery in the south of France. Observation of crude sap preparations with the electron microscope revealed numerous flexuous particles, 700 to 730 nm long and approximately 11 nm wide, associated with “pinwheel”-like cytoplasmic inclusions, typical of the family Potyviridae. A range of plant species inoculated with extracts from five of the symptomatic plants showed reactions typical of Potato virus Y (PVY) (2), and the presence of the virus was confirmed by positive reactions in double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with polyclonal antibodies raised against PVY. To test if PVY was responsible for the symptoms observed in N. mutabilis, an isolate was multiplied in N. tabacum cv. Xanthi plants after isolation from local lesions on Chenopodium amaranticolor and was then mechanically inoculated to 12 seedlings of N. mutabilis cv. Marshmallow. After 3 weeks, the 12 inoculated plants showed systemic vein clearing symptoms and PVY was detected by DAS-ELISA. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR tests using PVY-polyvalent primers (5′-GATGGTTGCCTTGGATGATG and 5′-TAAAAGTAGTACAGGAAAAGCCA) covering the coat protein (CP) coding region amplified a single DNA fragment of the expected 900 bp from total RNA extracts from Xanthi plants inoculated with the five isolates. One of these DNA products was directly sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU252529) and several accepted methods of phylogenetic analysis compared this sequence to 80 available PVY CP coding sequences and showed that the N. mutabilis PVY belonged to the C1 group (1). Similar to the other PVY strains in the C group, the N. mutabilis isolate was able to induce hypersensitive local lesions in leaves of potato genotypes carrying the Nc gene. However, contrary to the other characterized C1 isolates (1), it was unable to infect systemically cv. Yolo Wonder pepper plants. That peculiar behavior makes the N. mutabilis isolate a tool to identify the viral determinants controlling the host range of PVY. References: (1) B. Blanco-Urgoiti et al. J. Gen. Virol. 79:2037, 1998. (2) C. Kerlan. No. 414 in: Descriptions of Plant Viruses. CMI/AAB, Kew, Surrey, UK, 2006.

Effects of Artemisia annua L. (Asteracea) on the digestive enzymatic profiles and the cellular immune reactions of the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera: Scutellaridae), against Beauveria bassiana

2009 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zibaee ◽  
A.R. Bandani
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Artemisia Annua ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Phenoloxidase Activity ◽  
Immune Reactions ◽  
Eurygaster Integriceps ◽  
Cellular Immune

AbstractPlant extracts are currently studied more and more because of the possibility of their usage in plant protection. Many of the natural plant compounds which are used in the control of pests are known to affect the digestion and immune functions of insects. In this study, effects of Artemisia annua extract on the digestive enzymatic profiles and the cellular immune reactions of Eurygaster integriceps were investigated to reach a better understanding of its role in the control of this pest as the most destructive one in the production of wheat in the Near and Middle East, eastern and southern Europe and North Africa. Feeding and injection methods were used to study the plant extract effects on digestive enzymes and cellular immunity, respectively. When adult E. integriceps fed on food and water containing plant extracts, activity of the digestive enzymes, including α-amylase, α- and β-glucosidases, protease and lipase, in addition to cellular immune reactions (total and differentiate hemocyte numbers, phagocytosis, nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity) against Beauveria bassiana were affected and significantly decreased in comparison with controls, in that the clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activities and immune reactions. A. annua extract had a significant effect on kinetic parameters (Vmax and Km) of digestive enzymes and phenoloxidase activity so that the presence of the plant extract decreased the value of Vmax and increased Km, causing the reduction of enzyme affinity to the substrate, overall velocity of the reaction and finally interfering with the rate of breakdown of the enzyme-substrate complex. The understanding of fungal-induced immune responses and identification of factors regarding fungal virulence could be important in accelerating host death in a biological control scenario. Hence, the combination of botanical pesticides and microbes to control insect pest populations would be a safe and possibly rapid method to decrease their damage and environmental risk due to the use of chemical pesticides.

scholarly journals Diversity of foliicolous lichens in Shivamogga district, Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shravan Kumar Subramanya ◽  
Y.L. Krishnamurthy
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Evergreen Forests ◽  
Foliicolous Lichens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calamus Thwaitesii

Foliicolous lichens are one of the poorly documented groups of organisms found exclusively in evergreen forests. Very few works have been done on this group of lichens in the state of Karnataka. Hence, the present study is carried out to document the diversity of foliicolous lichens in evergreen, shola and semi-evergreen forest patches of Shivamogga district, Karnataka. Thirty-three species of foliicolous lichens are documented in the present study belonging to 16 genera and nine families. Among them Porina multiloculata, P. epiphylla, P. karnatakensis and Tricharia allostrigosa are the most dominant species. Whereas, Mazosia bambusae, Porina nitidula, P. semecarpi, P. microcarpa and Tapellaria phyllophila are less dominant species. Calamus thwaitesii supports wide range of foliicolous lichens. Cinnamomum macrocarpum, Dimocarpus longan, Memecylon malabaricum and Pinanga dicksonii are the other important plant species commonly supporting the foliicolous lichens in the study area. In the selected small study area, we are able to document 33 species of epiphyllous lichens. More explorations may yield many additions to the present knowledge.

scholarly journals МОНГОЛ ОРНЫ ЗАРИМ ЗҮЙЛ ЭМИЙН УРГАМЛЫН АНТИОКСИДАНТ ИДЭВХ

2011 ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Э. Сэлэнгэ ◽  
Г. Одонтуяа ◽  
Ж. Батхүү Батхүү
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Dasiphora Fruticosa

Сүүлийн жилүүдэд нийлэг аргаар гарган авсан хүнс болон эмийн бүтээгдэхүүнээс татгалзаж, аль болох байгалийн гаралтай бүтээгдэхүүн хэрэглэх хандлага єсєн нэмэгдэж байгаагийн зэрэгцээ эмийн ургамлын антиоксидант идэвхийн судалгаа ихээхэн сонирхол татсан сэдвийн нэг болоод байна.Бидний судалгааны үр дүнд Монголын ургамлын аймгийн Нийлмэл цэцэгтэн ба Сарнайн овгийн 23 зүйл ургамлын метанолын 51 ханднаас 20 зүйл ургамлын 28 ханд нь чєлєєт радикалыг дарангуйлах сайн идэвхтэй байсан ба ялангуяа ургамлын газрын дээд хэсэг цэцэг, навч, үрийн ханд илүү сайн идэвхтэй байв.Судалгааны дүнд Chamaerhodos erecta-н газрын дээд хэсэг 100µg/ ml концентрацдаа 81.33±0.96 %, Cotoneaster melanocarpa-н иш 100µg/ml концентрацдаа 92.14±0.98 %, Dasiphora fruticosa-н навч, цэцэг, иш 25µg/ml концентрацдаа тус бүр 49.61±4.4 %, 49.98±2.87 %, 57.7±0.84 %, Dasiphora parvifolia-н навч, цэцэг 25µg/ml концентрацдаа 43.22±1.4 %, Filipendula palmatа- н навч, үр 50µg/ml концентрацдаа тус бүр 56.4±0.75 %, 55.41±2.1 %, Rubus sachalinensis-н навч 50µg/ml концентрацдаа 65.22±0.91%-аар чєлєєт радикалыг дарангуйлах онцгой сайн идэвхтэй үр дүнтэй байлаа.Түлхүүр үг: Нийлмэл цэцэгтэн, Сарнайн овог, антиоксидант идэвх, DPPH радикал   Screening of Mongolian Medicinal Plants for their Antioxidant Activity Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are implicated in a wide range of human diseases such as atherosclerosis, certain cancer, inflammation, diabetes, liver injury, Alzheimer, Parkinson and coronary heart pathologies [1, 11]. When an imbalance between ROS/RNS generation and antioxidants occurs, oxidative damage will spread over all the cell targets (DNA, lipids, proteins).Antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants have attracted interest in recent years.The aim of the present study was to search the antioxidant active compounds or a new plant species through the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method of the methanol extracts from 23 plant species belonging to 2 botanical families (Compositae, Rosaceae) collected from natural reserves. The antioxidant activity of these plant extracts were compared with standard solution of rutin.From the 51 plant extracts studied, twenty eight gave IC50 values lower than 200µg/ml. The strongest IC50 values were given by the methanol extracts of Chamaerhodos erecta (aerial parts), Dasiphora parvifolia (leaves, flowers), Cotoneaster melanocarpa (stems), Rubus sachalinensis (stems, leaves), Dasiphora fruticosa (flowers, leaves, stems), Cotoneaster melanocarpa (stems), Filipendula palmata (seeds, leaves), Rubus sachalinensis(leaves).Therefore, these plants may have great relevance in the prevention and therapies of diseases in which free radicals are implicated. In further, more detailed studies on the chemical composition of those extracts as well as studies with other models such as in vivo assays will be called for an interest.Acknowledgements We are grateful to prof A.H.Brantner (Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Austria) for her helpful suggestion. This study was partially supported by Honda foundation, Japan.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v0i1.58 Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences 2010 No.1 pp.48-56

scholarly journals Bioactivity of Plant Extracts against Cowpea Bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab): A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shunmugadevi ◽  
S. Anbu Radhika
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Botanical Insecticides ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Plant Products ◽  
Wide Range

The objective of the present review is to know the bioactive compounds of the plant extract against Callosobruchus maculatus. Plants are able to produce a large number of bioactive compounds. Plant extract was found to have a wide range of bioactive compounds like Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Starch, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Triterpenoids, Resins, Saponins, Steroid, Proteins and Tannins. The high concentration of phytochemicals protects against the Callosobruchus maculatus. Recent revelations have shown that synthetic insecticides were found to penetrate into grains and may be toxic. Natural products such as botanical insecticides may provide suitable alternatives. The review obviously designated that plant products have potentials of controlling Callosobruchus maculatus in stored cowpea as they are safe, free of residue and strong biological activities that are eco-friendly and biodegradable.

scholarly journals Preparation of Harmless Play Dough with Some Vegetable Dyes

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195
Author(s):  
Adem Onal ◽  
Meryem Bakrac ◽  
Ferda Eser
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Kneading Method ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Direct Dye ◽  
Walnut Leaves

Preparation of harmless play dough process with vegetable dyes were investigated using various plant extracts (pomegranate flower, onionskin, purple basil, spinach, walnut leaves, red beet, red cabbage, turmeric, Turkish coffee, woad and red pepper) and powders of some plants (woad and Turkish coffee) as direct dye. Play doughs were obtained with plant extract. For this purpose, processed wheat flour with powders of plants by using kneading method with combination of various adjuvants were used. Decay times at room and cold ambient temperatures were determined. Texture and glutomatic system analysis were done for the investigation of the elasticity and elongation features. Prepared play doughs were used as a practical in order to understand whether they show any allergen status during and after play in kindergarten and nursery. The play dough obtained from unheated method was conquered to the other methods based on their properties of both color and longevity.

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