scholarly journals Tobacco Use and Periodontal Disease—The Role of Microvascular Dysfunction

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 441
Author(s):  
Henrique Silva

Periodontal disease consists in highly prevalent wide-ranging inflammatory conditions that affect the supporting apparatus of teeth. Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for periodontal disease as it increases disease severity and periodontal surgery complications. Tobacco use is harmful for the vasculature by causing microvascular dysfunction, which is known to negatively affect periodontal disease. To the author’s knowledge this paper is the first comprehensive review on the mechanisms by which tobacco use affects oral microcirculation and impacts the pathophysiology of periodontal disease. In healthy subjects, acute nicotine administration or tobacco use (smoking/smokeless forms) increases the blood flow in the oral mucosa due to local irritation and increased blood pressure, which overcome neural- and endocrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Chronic tobacco smokers display an increased gingival microvascular density, which is attributed to an increased capillary recruitment, however, these microcirculatory units show higher tortuosity and lower caliber. These morphological changes, together with the repetitive vasoconstrictive insults, contribute to lower gingival perfusion in chronic smokers and do not completely regress upon smoking cessation. In periodontal disease there is considerable gingival inflammation and angiogenesis in non-smokers which, in chronic smokers, are considerably suppressed, in part due to local immune suppression and oxidative stress. Tobacco exposure, irrespective of the form of use, causes long-term microvascular dysfunction that increases the risk of complications due to the natural disease course or secondary therapeutic strategies.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Soon Chul Heo ◽  
Yu Na Kim ◽  
YunJeong Choi ◽  
Ji-Young Joo ◽  
Jae Joon Hwang ◽  
...  

Cathepsin K (CTSK) is a cysteine protease that is mainly produced from mature osteoclasts and contributes to the destruction of connective tissues and mineralized matrix as a consequence of periodontal disease (PD). However, few studies have reported its regulatory role in osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells in inflammatory conditions. Here, we investigated the role of CTSK in osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells, focusing on the modulation of paracrine function. Microarray data showed that CTSK was upregulated in PD patients compared with healthy individuals, which was further supported by immunohistochemistry and qPCR analyses performed with human gingival tissues. The expression of CTSK in the osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells, including dental pulp stem cells, gingival fibroblasts, and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) was significantly elevated by treatment with inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-1β. Moreover, TNFα stimulation potentiated the PDLF-mediated osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Interestingly, small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of CTSK in PDLF noticeably attenuated the TNFα-triggered upregulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and RANKL/osteoprotegerin ratio, thereby abrogating the enhanced osteoclastogenesis-supporting activity of PDLF. Collectively, these results suggest a novel role of CTSK in the paracrine function of osteoclastogenesis-supporting cells in periodontal disease.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gock ◽  
Marcel Kordt ◽  
Stephanie Matschos ◽  
Christina S. Mullins ◽  
Michael Linnebacher

Abstract Background Several DNA viruses are highly suspicious to have oncogenic effects in humans. This study investigates the presence of potentially oncogenic viruses such as SV40, JCV, BKV and EBV in patient-derived colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells typifying all molecular subtypes of CRC. Methods Sample material (gDNA and cDNA) of a total of 49 patient-individual CRC cell lines and corresponding primary material from 11 patients, including normal, tumor-derived and metastasis-derived tissue were analyzed for sequences of SV40, JVC, BKV and EBV using endpoint PCR. In addition, the susceptibility of CRC cells to JCV and BKV was examined using a long-term cultivation approach of patient-individual cells in the presence of viruses. Results No virus-specific sequences could be detected in all specimens. Likewise, no morphological changes were observed and no evidence for viral infection or integration could be provided after long term CRC cell cultivation in presence of viral particles. Conclusions In summary, the presented data suggest that there is no direct correlation between tumorigenesis and viral load and consequently no evidence for a functional role of the DNA viruses included into this analysis in CRC development.


2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-78
Author(s):  
M. S. Todortseva

Taking into account the great interest in identifying the role of the nervous system in the processes of tumor growth and the insufficient study of morphological changes in the nervous apparatus of neoplasms, in our clinic (Head - Prof. AM Foy), since 1955, work has been carried out to study the effect of prolonged hyperestrogenism on the nervous apparatus of the uterus during the development of experimental fibroids in it. Experiments with long-term administration of estrogenic hormones were carried out on 120 non-castrated female guinea pigs weighing from 150.0 to 250.0, which were divided into 4 groups.


2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Varga ◽  
Pavel Staško ◽  
Štefan Tóth ◽  
Zuzana Pristášová ◽  
Zuzana Jonecová ◽  
...  

Ischaemic/reperfusion (IR) injury of the small intestine may lead to the development of multiple organ failure. Little is known about the morphological changes occurring in the organs during the subacute course of this syndrome. The objective of this study was to observe histopathological features and the role of apoptosis in the jejunal mucosa and lung parenchyma after intestinal IR injury in a long-term experiment. Wistar rats (n = 36) were divided into 4 experimental groups (IR 10 , IR 20 , IR 30 , S). Groups IR 10 , IR 20 and IR 30 (each n = 10) were subjected to 1-hour ischaemia of the cranial mesenteric artery followed by 10, 20 or 30 days of reperfusion, respectively. The control group S (n = 6) was not subjected to ischaemia. The jejunal mucosa remained intact after all periods of reperfusion. Apoptotic cells were found particularly in the lamina propria, with the most significant difference observed in the IR 30 group (P < 0.01). The lung parenchyma had lower regenerative capacity, which was confirmed by a high index of histological damage after 30 days of reperfusion (P < 0.01) and by the presence of an increased number of apoptotic cells, especially in the pulmonary interstitium. The number of apoptotic cells was ten times higher than in the control group (P < 0.001).


2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla Paragh ◽  
Daniel Törőcsik

The role of factor XIII subunit A (FXIII-A) is not restricted to hemostasis. FXIII-A is also present intracellularly in several human cells and serves as a diagnostic marker in a wide range of dermatological diseases from inflammatory conditions to malignancies. In this review, we provide a guide on the still controversial interpretation of dermal cell types expressing FXIII-A and assess the previously described mechanisms behind their accumulation under physiological and pathological conditions of the human skin. We summarize the intracellular functions of FXIII-A as well as its possible sources in the extracellular space of the dermis with a focus on its relevance to skin homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. Finally, the potential role of FXIII-A in wound healing, as a field with long-term therapeutic implications, is also discussed.


2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Arcuri ◽  
Matteo Brucoli ◽  
Nicola Baragiotta ◽  
Livia Stellin ◽  
Mariangela Giarda ◽  
...  

PurposeThe first autologous adipose tissue grafting was performed by Neuber in 1893 with an open approach. In the early 1980s, Illouz and Fournier introduced closed liposuction. In the 1990s, Coleman published a new method of atraumatic fat transplantation. Recently, immunohistochemical studies of the extracellular matrix of the lipoaspirate showed the presence of adipose-derived stem cells. The purpose of this study is to describe the role of fat grafting in the management of posttraumatic facial deformities.MethodsThe study population was composed of all patients who underwent facial fat grafting between March 2008 and November 2010 as a secondary reconstructive procedure after an initial unsatisfactory treatment of the skeletal fractures. We analyzed the postoperative morphological changes by comparing the grafted side of the face to the contralateral side with the aid of a software package.ResultsNineteen patients were surgically treated with fat transplantation for facial asymmetry due to a pathological postoperative healing of the soft tissue. Clinical examination and software analysis showed adequate postoperative facial balance without major complications.ConclusionFat grafting is a very powerful tool to correct posttraumatic maxillofacial deformities and to ensure a long-term follow-up. Although we have achieved excellent clinical results in our reconstructive clinical cases, we are convinced that more complex prospective studies, enriched by long-term radiological controls, are needed to fully understand the biological behavior of the transplanted fat in the posttraumatic face.


Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Millington ◽  
Colin A. Booth ◽  
Michael A. Fullen ◽  
Glenis M. Moore ◽  
Ian C. Trueman ◽  
...  

Attitudes to maintaining dune diversity are changing under the realization that existing dune stabilization techniques are fixing dune landscapes, causing ‘coastal squeeze’ and loss of habitat as shorelines retreat. Instead, it is recommended that a natural, dynamic, migrating dune system is much more appropriate and that blown, unstable sands are encouraged to act as mobile coastal defence barriers. Lack of appropriate monitoring techniques has limited progress in understanding the role of sediment dynamics in dune environments over long timescales. Therefore, this paper outlines the role of straightforward and inexpensive photography, from fixed points and angles, as a useful approach to long‐term, decadal monitoring of the evolution and migration of dynamic dune landforms. The case study, on the Morfa Dyffryn dunes, Gwynedd, mid‐Wales, United Kingdom (National Grid Reference SH563240), identified particularly dynamic mobile fo‐redunes, with cyclical morphological development, paralleling to an overall landward recession. A cyclical trend of sand encroachment, followed by stabilization with growing vegetation, is documented for semi‐fixed dune pastures, while the hind dunes remained stable. A general relationship between foredune morphology and erosion/accretion processes was established, offering the prospect of predicting future dune morphological changes in other dune systems, if increased blown sand activity is encouraged as a management technique. Santrauka Požiūris išlaikyti kopų įvairovę kinta, suvokiant, kad esamos kopų stabilizavimo priemonės, formuojant kopų kraštovaizdį, nepadeda išvengti pajūrio ruožo susiaurėjimo ir arealo praradimo atsitraukiant kranto linijai. Kita vertus, rekomenduojama išsaugoti natūralią dinamišką ir migruojančią kopų sistemą, kad nupustomi labilūs smėliai atliktų mobilių kranto apsaugos barjerų funkciją. Dėl tinkamų monitoringo priemonių trūkumo sulėtėjo patirties apie ilgalaikę nuosėdų dinamiką kopų aplinkoje kaupimas. Darbe aprašomas tiesioginis ir didelių išlaidų nereikalaujantis fotografijos metodas, kuris galėtų būti taikomas minėtoms problemoms spręsti. Metodas pagrįstas fotografavimu fiksuotuose taškuose ir tomis pačiomis kryptimis. Tai gali būti naudingas būdas ilgalaikiam monitoringui – stebėti dinaminių kopų sausumos darinių migraciją dešimtmečius. Tiriamoji vieta – Morfa Dyffryn kopos, Gwynedd, Velso vidurinėje dalyje Jungtinėje Karalystėje (nacionalinėje koordinačių sistemoje SH563240). Tai ypač dinamiškos priešakinės kopos. Joms būdinga cikliška morfologinė raida, prilygstanti bendrajam atsitraukimui iš sausumo pusės. Cikliška smėlio įsibrovimo tendencija, po kurio vyksta augalijos stabilizavimasis, būdinga pusiau sutvirtintoms kopoms, kai užnugarinės kopos lieka stabilios. Darbe nustatytos bendros sąsajos tarp priešakinių kopų morfologijos ir erozijos/akrecijos procesų, siūlomas morfologinių pokyčių numatymo būdas, kuris galėtų tapti valdymo priemone ir kitose kopų sistemose, kur smėlis ypač pustomas. Резюме Мнение о том, как сохранить разнообразие дюн, меняется, если принять во внимание, что существующие способы стабилизации дюн формируют ландшафт с дюнами, „сжимают“ приморье и теряют ареал из-за отступления линии берега. С другой стороны, рекомендуется сохранить естественную, динамичную и мигрирующую систему, чтобы сдуваемые, подвижные пески служили мобильными барьерами для защиты берега. Из-за нехватки соответствующих средств мониторинга замедлилось получение сведений о многолетней динамике отложений в среде дюн. С целью восполнить пробел в статье описывается не требующий больших затрат метод фотографирования. Он основан на фотографировании в фиксированных точках и в тех же направлениях и может стать полезным способом осуществления многолетнего мониторинга миграции динамичных дюн. Исследования проводились в динамичных передних дюнах Morfa Dyffryn, Gwynedd, в средней части Уэльса в Англии (в Национальной системе координат SH563240). Для них характерно цикличное морфологическое развитие, соответствующее общему отступлению со стороны суши. Цикличная тенденция наступления песка, после чего стабилизируется растительность, характерна для отчасти укрепленных дюн в том случае, если задние дюны остаются стабильными. Установлена связь между процессами морфологии передних дюн и эрозии/аккреции, предложен способ предвидения морфологических изменений в качестве средства управления процессом и в других системах дюн, в которых усилилась деятельность подвижного песка.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gock ◽  
Marcel Kordt ◽  
Stephanie Matschos ◽  
Christina S. Mullins ◽  
Michael Linnebacher

Abstract Background: Several DNA viruses are highly suspicious to have oncogenic effects in humans. This study investigates the presence of potentially oncogenic viruses such as SV40, JCV, BKV and EBV in patient-derived colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells typifying all molecular subtypes of CRC. Methods: Sample material (gDNA and cDNA) of a total of 49 patient-individual CRC cell lines and corresponding primary material from 11 patients, including normal, tumor-derived and metastasis-derived tissue were analyzed for sequences of SV40, JVC, BKV and EBV using endpoint PCR. In addition, the susceptibility of CRC cells to JCV and BKV was examined using a long-term cultivation approach of patient-individual cells in the presence of viruses. Results: No virus-specific sequences could be detected in all specimens. Likewise, no morphological changes were observed and no evidence for viral infection or integration could be provided after long term CRC cell cultivation in presence of viral particles. Conclusions: In summary, the presented data suggest that there is no direct correlation between tumorigenesis and viral load and consequently no evidence for a functional role of the DNA viruses included into this analysis in CRC development.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumya Nair ◽  
Mohamed Faizuddin ◽  
Jayanthi Dharmapalan

Periodontal diseases are characterized by localized infections and inflammatory conditions that directly affect teeth supporting structures which are the major cause of tooth loss. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of autoimmune responses in periodontal disease. Evidences of involvement of immunopathology have been reported in periodontal disease. Bacteria in the dental plaque induce antibody formation. Autoreactive T cells, natural killer cells, ANCA, heat shock proteins, autoantibodies, and genetic factors are reported to have an important role in the autoimmune component of periodontal disease. The present review describes the involvement of autoimmune responses in periodontal diseases and also the mechanisms underlying these responses. This review is an attempt to throw light on the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease highlighting the autoimmunity aspect of the etiopathogenesis involved in the initiation and progression of the disease. However, further clinical trials are required to strengthen the role of autoimmunity as a cause of periodontal disease.


2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Fisher ◽  
G.W. Taylor ◽  
K.R. Tilashalski

Whereas smoking is a major risk factor for periodontal disease, the role of smokeless tobacco is unclear. The purpose of this US population-based study of 12,932 adults participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was to evaluate the association between smokeless tobacco use and severe active periodontal disease. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression modeling quantified the associations between tobacco use and severe active periodontal disease. All adults and never-smokers who currently used smokeless tobacco were twice as likely to have severe active periodontal disease at any site [respective odds ratios (ORAdj) and 95% confidence intervals: ORAdj = 2.1; 1.2–3.7 and ORAdj = 2.1; 1.0–4.4] or restricted to any interproximal site [respective ORAdj = 2.1; 1.0–4.2 and ORAdj = 2.3; 0.9–6.3], simultaneously adjusted for smoking, age, race, gender, diabetes, and having a dental visit in the past year. These results indicate that smokeless tobacco may also be an important risk factor for severe active periodontal disease.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document