scholarly journals Morphological Asymmetries Profile and the Difference between Low- and High-Performing Road Cyclists Using 3D Scanning

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1199
Author(s):  
Samo Rauter ◽  
Jozef Simenko
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Asymmetry Index ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Road Cyclists

The aims of this study are: (1) to identify morphological asymmetries in road cycling by using a novel 3D scanning method and electrical bioimpedance, (2) to investigate possible asymmetries in road cyclists of low (LPG) and high (HPG) performance group, (3) to compare the number of morphological asymmetries between HPG and LPG of cyclists, and (4) to explore correlations between asymmetry scores and competition performance. Body composition and 3D anthropometric measurements were conducted on 48 top-level male road cyclists (178.98 ± 5.39 cm; 68.37 ± 5.31 kg) divided into high (n = 22) and low (n = 26) performance groups. Competition performance (CP) is represented through racing points gathered at the end of the competition season. The latter was used to divide road cyclists into low- and high-performing groups. One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences between groups, while paired-samples T-test and Absolute Asymmetry index (AA) were calculated (p ≤ 0.05) for paired variables inside the groups, and the Spearman correlation coefficient was used to explore correlations between AA and CP. Results showed statistically significant differences between the left and right side of different body segments (16 paired variables) among low-performing road cyclists in five paired variables of the upper body: elbow girth (4.35, p = 0.000), forearm girth (6.31, p = 0.000), arm surface area (2.54, p = 0.018), and arm volume (2.71, p = 0.012); and six paired variables of the lower body: leg lean mass (5.85, p = 0.000), leg length (3.04, p = 0.005), knee girth (4.93, p = 0.000), calf girth (5.25, p = 0.000), leg surface area (4.03, p = 0.000), and leg volume (5.3, p = 0.000). Altogether, the high-performing group of road cyclists statistically differed only in 2 out of 16 paired variables of the upper body: elbow girth (4.93, p = 0.000) and in forearm girth (5.12, p = 0.000). Low- and high-performing groups were statistically significantly different in the asymmetry of leg lean mass F(1,46) = 6.25, p = 0.016 and asymmetry of the calf girth F(1,46) = 7.44, p = 0.009. AA of calf girth on the total sample (n = 48) showed a significant correlation with CP (r = −0.461; p = 0.001). In conclusion, the study’s main finding was that high-performance road cyclists are more symmetrical than the low-performance group, for which it is significant to have a higher amount of morphological asymmetries.

Relationships Between Propulsion and Anthropometry in Paralympic Swimmers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 978-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Dingley ◽  
David B. Pyne ◽  
Brendan Burkett
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Frontal Surface ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Arm Span ◽  
Upper Body Power

Purpose:To characterize relationships between propulsion, anthropometry, and performance in Paralympic swimming.Methods:A cross-sectional study of swimmers (13 male, 15 female) age 20.5 ± 4.4 y was conducted. Subject locomotor categorizations were no physical disability (n = 8, classes S13–S14) and low-severity (n = 11, classes S9–S10) or midseverity disability (n = 9, classes S6–S8). Full anthropometric profiles estimated muscle mass and body fat, a bilateral swim-bench ergometer quantified upper-body power production, and 100-m time trials quantified swimming performance.Results:Correlations between ergometer mean power and swimming performance increased with degree of physical disability (low-severity male r = .65, ±0.56, and female r = .68, ±0.64; midseverity, r = .87, ±0.41, and r = .79, ±0.75). The female midseverity group showed nearperfect (positive) relationships for taller swimmers’ (with a greater muscle mass and longer arm span) swimming faster, while for female no- and low-severity-disability groups, greater muscle mass was associated with slower velocity (r = .78, ±0.43, and r = .65, ±0.66). This was supported with lighter females (with less frontal surface area) in the low-severity group being faster (r = .94, ±0.24). In a gender contrast, low-severity males with less muscle mass (r = -.64, ±0.56), high skinfolds (r = .78, ±0.43), a longer arm span (r = .58, ±0.60) or smaller frontal surface area (r = -.93, ±0.19) were detrimental to swimming-velocity production.Conclusion:Low-severity male and midseverity female Paralympic swimmers should be encouraged to develop muscle mass and upper-body power to enhance swimming performance. The generalized anthropometric measures appear to be a secondary consideration for coaches.

scholarly journals Impact of Size of Fire boot and SCBA Cylinder on Firefighters’ Mobility

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiju Park ◽  
Rumit Singh Kakar ◽  
Jie Pei ◽  
Joshua M. Tome ◽  
Jeffrey Stull
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Fire Protection Association ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Neck Extension ◽  
Limited Range Of Motion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biomechanical Tests

The authors conducted biomechanical tests with 21 firefighters and found that there is a significant correlation between boot height and lower body mobility and that using a fixed boot height mandated by National Fire Protection Association 1971 standard decreased lower body ranges of motion during various firefighters’ job-related tasks. Statistical analysis of large anthropometric data also shows a fixed boot height cannot accommodate a wide range of firefighters’ leg length. These findings indicate that shorter firefighters are likely to have limited lower body mobility due to reduced clearance between the knee and top of the boot and thus decreased space causing greater mechanical binding between multiple layers of turnout pants. The authors discovered a greater negative impact of fixed length of self-contained breathing apparatus cylinder on short firefighters on their upper body mobility, evidenced by limited range of motion in neck extension and lumbopelvic flexion while carrying fire gear compared to without any fire gear.

Validation of a novel 3D scanning method for determination of the air gap in clothing

Measurement ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Psikuta ◽  
Joanna Frackiewicz-Kaczmarek ◽  
Emel Mert ◽  
Marie-Ange Bueno ◽  
Renè M. Rossi
Keyword(s):  
3D Scanning ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Scanning Method

Choosing the Optimal Tissue Expander Size: A Single Center Randomized Clinical Trial on Chinese Microtia Patients’ Normal Ears Using 3D Scanning

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hefeng Sun ◽  
Pengfei Sun ◽  
Haiyue Jiang ◽  
Qinghua Yang ◽  
Tongtong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Tissue Expander ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Chinese Patients ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Scatter Plot ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Expansion Technique ◽  
Length Width

Abstract The tissue expansion technique is the most suitable procedure for Chinese patients with microtia. However, it is difficult to determine whether the expanded flap is sufficient, and there are no clear or objective guidelines for determining the volume of the expander for different sizes of auricles. One hundred patients with unilateral microtia who visited our department in 2021 were randomly selected for auricular data collection using 3D scanning. The auricle length, width, projection, perimeter, and surface area were measured. Eight different volumes of expanders underwent CT and the surface areas of these expanders were measured. The surface areas of the auricles and expanders were compared and the correlation between them was explored. The average auricle parameters were calculated. The scatter plot showed a linear relationship between auricle length and auricle surface area (R2 = 0.9913), which demonstrated that the auricle area was approximately equal to the auricle length multiplied by 76.921. Additionally, the surface area of the expanders was measured and made into a table for selection against the surface area of the auricles. Using our equation, the auricle surface could be estimated by simply measuring the non-defective auricle length; therefore, the suitable volume of the expander could be determined.

Study of Pressure Feet between 3D Scanning Method and Conventional Casting

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-163
Author(s):  
N A Abu Osman ◽  
W Mehmood ◽  
N A Abd Razak
Keyword(s):  
3D Scanning ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Conventional Casting

scholarly journals Effects of Combined Strength and Sprint Training on Lean Mass, Strength, Power, and Sprint Performance in Masters Road Cyclists

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Del Vecchio ◽  
Robert Stanton ◽  
Peter Reaburn ◽  
Campbell Macgregor ◽  
Jarrod Meerkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lean Mass ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
Sprint Training ◽  
Road Cyclists

Relationship of upper body fat distribution to higher regional lean mass and bone mineral density

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Matsuo ◽  
Tsutomu Douchi ◽  
Mitsuhiro Nakae ◽  
Hirofumi Uto ◽  
Toshimichi Oki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Relationship Of

scholarly journals Support Possibilities for 3D Scanning of Forging Tools with Deep and Slim Impressions for an Evaluation of Wear by Means of Replication Methods

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Hawryluk ◽  
Zbigniew Gronostajski ◽  
Jacek Ziemba ◽  
Marta Janik ◽  
Piotr Górski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Laser Light ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Normal Direction ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
Forward Extrusion ◽  
Motor Truck ◽  
Reflection Angle ◽  
Maximum Angle ◽  
Deep Cavities

This article discusses the problems related to the use of non-contact 3D scanning techniques and their support by means of replication methods for the analysis of the geometrical changes in deep tool impressions used for the forward extrusion of valve-type elements assigned for motor truck engines. The 3D scanning method, despite its unquestionable advantages, also has certain limitations, such as scanning the inner surfaces of deep cavities. This is caused by the fact that the larger the angle between the reflected laser light and the normal direction to the measured surface, the larger the area covered for the analysis, yet at the same time, the higher the measurement error. The authors performed an analysis of the geometrical loss of the tools as well as the corresponding replication masses, together with a discussion of the results related to minimization of the measuring errors. For the analyzed tool, the maximum angle during direct scanning was 40 degrees, which unfortunately does not enable an analysis of the entire pattern, while for larger angles, it is necessary to make the measurement by indirect scanning, i.e., by replicating the cavity imprint of the tool. Therefore, for a given geometry, the reflection angle should be determined individually.

scholarly journals Fat Mass Is Not Beneficial to Bone in Adolescents and Young Adults

2007 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Janicka ◽  
Tishya A. L. Wren ◽  
Monique M. Sanchez ◽  
Frederick Dorey ◽  
Paul S. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Context: Although muscle mass is beneficial to bone, studies on the effect of fat mass on bone have yielded conflicting results. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relations between lean and fat mass and bone structure. Design: This study was cross-sectional. Setting: The study was conducted in a general community. Subjects: Subjects included 300 healthy sexually mature adolescents and young adults (150 males and 150 females) between the ages of 13 and 21 yr. Main Outcome Measure: We investigated the relation between dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of total body fat and lean mass and bone values obtained with DXA (legs and lumbar spine bone mineral density and bone mineral content) and computed tomography (CT) (cross-sectional and cortical bone areas of the femurs and cross-sectional area and cancellous bone density of the vertebrae). Results: Simple and multiple linear regression analyses showed significant positive relations between DXA lean mass and all CT and DXA measures of bone in the axial and appendicular skeletons (all P < 0.005). In contrast, whereas Pearson correlations between DXA measures of fat mass and bone parameters were generally positive, multiple regression analyses showed that fat mass, after accounting for lean mass, trunk height/leg length, had a negative, or no, correlation with CT and DXA values for bone. Conclusions: Our findings provide compelling evidence that, despite increased mechanical loading and independent of lean mass, adipose tissue is not beneficial to bone structure.

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