scholarly journals Muscular Atrophy and Sarcopenia in the Elderly: Is There a Role for Creatine Supplementation?

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dolan ◽  
Artioli ◽  
Pereira ◽  
Gualano
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Training Stimulus ◽  
Creatine Supplementation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function

Sarcopenia is characterized by a loss of muscle mass, quality, and function, and negatively impacts health, functionality, and quality of life for numerous populations, particularly older adults. Creatine is an endogenously produced metabolite, which has the theoretical potential to counteract many of the morphological and metabolic parameters underpinning sarcopenia. This can occur through a range of direct and indirect mechanisms, including temporal and spatial functions that accelerate ATP regeneration during times of high energy demand, direct anabolic and anti-catabolic functions, and enhanced muscle regenerating capacity through positively impacting muscle stem cell availability. Studies conducted in older adults show little benefit of creatine supplementation alone on muscle function or mass. In contrast, creatine supplementation as an adjunct to exercise training seems to augment the muscle adaptive response to the training stimulus, potentially through increasing capacity for higher intensity exercise, and/or by enhancing post-exercise recovery and adaptation. As such, creatine may be an effective dietary strategy to combat age-related muscle atrophy and sarcopenia when used to complement the benefits of exercise training.

scholarly journals Superoxide Anion Production and Bioenergetic Profile in Young and Elderly Human Primary Myoblasts

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariangela Marrone ◽  
Rita Maria Laura La Rovere ◽  
Simone Guarnieri ◽  
Ester Sara Di Filippo ◽  
Giovanni Monaco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Superoxide Anion Production ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Primary Myoblasts ◽  
Production Variability ◽  
And Function

Sarcopenia is the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. It is associated with regenerative difficulties by satellite cells, adult muscle stem cells, and alteration of oxidative management, mainly the increase in superoxide anions (O2•−). We aimed to investigate the relation between regenerative deficit in elderly and increase in O2•− production along with mitochondrial alterations. Myoblasts and myotubes from skeletal muscle of young and elderly healthy subjects (27.8 ± 6 and 72.4 ± 6.5 years old) were measured: (1) superoxide dismutase activity and protein content, (2) mitochondrial O2•− production levels, (3) O2•− production variability, and (4) mitochondrial bioenergetic profile. Compared to young myoblasts, elderly myoblasts displayed decreased SOD2 protein expression, elevated mitochondrial O2•− baseline levels, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. Additionally, elderly versus young myotubes showed elevated mitochondrial O2•− levels when stressed with N-acetyl cysteine or high glucose and higher glycolysis despite showing comparable oxidative phosphorylation levels. Altogether, the elderly may have less metabolic plasticity due to the impaired mitochondrial function caused by O2•−. However, the increased energy demand related to the differentiation process appears to activate compensatory mechanisms for the partial mitochondrial dysfunction.

scholarly journals Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Size and Function: Exploring the Influence of Aging and Exercise Training

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Takashi Abe ◽  
Jeremy P. Loenneke
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Sphincter Muscle ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
And Function

The orbicularis oculi muscle is the sphincter muscle of the eyelids that blinks and closes the eyes. In this review, our aim was threefold: (1) to introduce the performance characteristics of blinking activity in young and older adults, (2) to discuss the influence of aging on the orbicularis oculi muscle in healthy adults, and (3) to provide information about the effect of facial exercise training on the orbicularis oculi muscle. To achieve the purpose of this review, a search using two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) and a search engine (Google Scholar) was conducted. The amplitude and peak velocity of spontaneously blinking behavior, which is an index of muscle function of the orbicularis oculi, appear to be affected by aging. The muscle thickness of the orbicularis oculi tends to be low in older adults, but there are issues that need to be examined further, such as differences in sex and measurement positions. There was no study on the effect of exercise training; however, the results of a highly trained man indicate that the orbicularis oculi muscles might elicit muscle hypertrophy through non-traditional resistance exercise.

The Association Between Sarcopenia and Postoperative Outcomes Among Older Adults With Hip Fracture: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 073346482110065
Author(s):  
Ming-Hsiu Chiang ◽  
Yi-Jie Kuo ◽  
Yu-Pin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Postoperative Mortality ◽  
Clinical Event ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
And Function

Hip fracture is a serious clinical event with high morbidity and mortality. Sarcopenia is characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass and function, leading to several adverse health outcomes. In this systematic review, no limitation criteria were used for study selection and 327 studies were identified in the initial search. Of these, 11 studies comprising a total of 2,314 patients were selected. The overall proportion of older adults with hip fracture having sarcopenia was 44%, with a disparity of approximately 10% between men and women. Most studies have indicated that older adults with sarcopenia had poorer postoperative functional recovery than those without sarcopenia; the association between sarcopenia and high postoperative mortality or long hospital stay was heterogeneous. Well-organized studies with longer follow-up periods are warranted.

scholarly journals Regenerative Medicine Approaches for Age-Related Muscle Loss and Sarcopenia: A Mini-Review

Gerontology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Diego Naranjo ◽  
Jenna L. Dziki ◽  
Stephen F. Badylak
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Muscle Physiology ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Function ◽  
Age Related Changes

Sarcopenia is a complex and multifactorial disease that includes a decrease in the number, structure and physiology of muscle fibers, and age-related muscle mass loss, and is associated with loss of strength, increased frailty, and increased risk for fractures and falls. Treatment options are suboptimal and consist of exercise and nutrition as the cornerstone of therapy. Current treatment principles involve identification and modification of risk factors to prevent the disease, but these efforts are of limited value to the elderly individuals currently affected by sarcopenia. The development of new and effective therapies for sarcopenia is challenging. Potential therapies can target one or more of the proposed multiple etiologies such as the loss of regenerative capacity of muscle, age-related changes in the expression of signaling molecules such as growth hormone, IGF-1, myostatin, and other endocrine signaling molecules, and age-related changes in muscle physiology like denervation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The present paper reviews regenerative medicine strategies that seek to restore adequate skeletal muscle structure and function including exogenous delivery of cells and pharmacological therapies to induce myogenesis or reverse the physiologic changes that result in the disease. Approaches that modify the microenvironment to provide an environment conducive to reversal and mitigation of the disease represent a potential regenerative medicine approach that is discussed herein.

scholarly journals Randomized, four-arm, dose-response clinical trial to optimize resistance exercise training for older adults with age-related muscle atrophy

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 98-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Stec ◽  
Anna Thalacker-Mercer ◽  
David L. Mayhew ◽  
Neil A. Kelly ◽  
S. Craig Tuggle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
Age Related

scholarly journals Potential Benefits of a Minimal Dose Eccentric Resistance Training Paradigm to Combat Sarcopenia and Age-Related Muscle and Physical Function Deficits in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara A. Harper ◽  
Brennan J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Functional Performance ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Training Paradigm ◽  
Exercise Participation ◽  
Minimal Dose ◽  
Age Related ◽  
And Function

The ability of older adults to perform activities of daily living is often limited by the ability to generate high mechanical outputs. Therefore, assessing and developing maximal neuromuscular capacity is essential for determining age-related risk for functional decline as well as the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Interventions designed to enhance neuromuscular capacities underpinning maximal mechanical outputs could positively impact functional performance in daily life. Unfortunately, < 10% of older adults meet the current resistance training guidelines. It has recently been proposed that a more “minimal dose” RT model may help engage a greater proportion of older adults, so that they may realize the benefits of RT. Eccentric exercise offers some promising qualities for such an approach due to its efficiency in overloading contractions that can induce substantial neuromuscular adaptations. When used in a minimal dose RT paradigm, eccentric-based RT may be a particularly promising approach for older adults that can efficiently improve muscle mass, strength, and functional performance. One approach that may lead to improved neuromuscular function capacities and overall health is through heightened exercise tolerance which would favor greater exercise participation in older adult populations. Therefore, our perspective article will discuss the implications of using a minimal dose, submaximal (i.e., low intensity) multi-joint eccentric resistance training paradigm as a potentially effective, and yet currently underutilized, means to efficiently improve neuromuscular capacities and function for older adults.

scholarly journals Study of adverse drug reactions and clinical profile of elderly in relation to polypharmacy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Nagaraja BS ◽  
Keerthana Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Improve Compliance ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Background: Polypharmacy is a becoming more prevalent in older adults and adverse risk increases with age-related change. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common in older adults and worrisome aspect of treatment in elderly. Aims and Objective: The study aimed to identify the common clinical conditions leading to polypharmacy and to compare the adverse drug profiles of the 2 groups. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Hospitals attached to BMCRI, where 200 patients aged 65 or more were interviewed. 100 elderly patients using 5 or more drugs were identified as cases and assessed against a control group of 100 patients. Results: Our study found that ADRs were found to be three times higher in individuals on polypharmacy compared to the control group (OR 3.4675 95% CI 1.6241 to 7.4035). The most commonly occurring ADRs were dyspepsia (OR 1.9259), drowsiness (OR 3.5926) and fatigue (OR 1.5319) with increased incidence in the case group. The most common conditions associated with polypharmacy were found to be hypertension (53%), diabetes mellitus(46%), COPD(14%) and IHD(14%). 66% of the study group had two or more of the above diseases, whereas in the control group only 32% had multiple illnesses. The most commonly prescribed medications were antihypertensives (61%), hypolipidemics (44%), antiplatelets (41%) and antibiotics(40%). Conclusion: Polypharmacy in the elderly comes with a significant increase in adverse effects. The reduced pill burden will not only decrease ADRs and improve compliance, but will also result in greater patient satisfaction and mental health, thereby improving the quality of geriatric care.

scholarly journals Targeting Age-Related Pathways in Heart Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haobo Li ◽  
Margaret H. Hastings ◽  
James Rhee ◽  
Lena E. Trager ◽  
Jason D. Roh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Experimental Platform ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cardiac Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

During aging, deterioration in cardiac structure and function leads to increased susceptibility to heart failure. The need for interventions to combat this age-related cardiac decline is becoming increasingly urgent as the elderly population continues to grow. Our understanding of cardiac aging, and aging in general, is limited. However, recent studies of age-related decline and its prevention through interventions like exercise have revealed novel pathological and cardioprotective pathways. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the molecular mechanisms of age-related heart failure and highlight exercise as a valuable experimental platform for the discovery of much-needed novel therapeutic targets in this chronic disease.

Conclusion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Individual Therapy ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Elderly Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

Addiction in older adults very often goes unrecognized, for several reasons: social biases about the elderly, age-related metabolic changes, and the inappropriate use of prescription benzodiazepines and opioids to address untreated anxiety and mood conditions. Alcohol or substance-use disorders (SUDs) in older individuals may present in subtle and atypical ways. Strategies to overcome such difficulties include systematic screening using validated instruments, patient education regarding the impact of psychoactive substances on health, and cautious prescribing practices. Relying on standard DSM criteria may result in a failure to detect an SUD that presents with cognitive symptoms or physical injury, as well as the absence of work or social consequences. Older individuals can benefit from the application of risk-stratification measures, and they can be referred, e.g., to age-appropriate group therapy and non-confrontational individual therapy focusing on late-life issues of loss and sources of social support, as well as be offered medication management for alcohol or substance use disorder. Although research has been limited in this population, treatment outcomes have been found to be superior in older adults than younger adults.

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