scholarly journals Highlights of Immunomodulation in Salmonella-Based Cancer Therapy

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1566
Author(s):  
Christian R. Pangilinan ◽  
Che-Hsin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cytokine Therapy ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Early Phase Clinical Trials

Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) is an emerging tool that may advance potential approaches in cancer immunotherapy, whereby tumors are eradicated by the hosts’ immune system upon recruitment and activation by bacteria such as Salmonella. This paper provides an emphasis on the immunomodulatory effects that encompasses both the innate and adaptive immune responses inherently triggered by Salmonella. Furthermore, modifications of Salmonella-based treatment in the attempt to improve tumor-specific immune responses including cytokine therapy, gene therapy, and DNA vaccine delivery are likewise discussed. The majority of the findings described herein incorporate cell-based experiments and murine model studies, and only a few accounts describe clinical trials. Salmonella-based cancer therapy is still under development; nonetheless, the pre-clinical research and early-phase clinical trials that have been completed so far have shown promising and convincing results. Certainly, the continuous development of, and innovation on, Salmonella-based therapy could pave the way for its eventual emergence as one of the mainstream therapeutic interventions addressing various types of cancer.

scholarly journals Differential Regulation of the Immune Response in the Spleen and Liver of Mice Infected withLeishmania donovani

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Bankoti ◽  
Simona Stäger
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Differential Regulation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Immunity to pathogens requires generation of effective innate and adaptive immune responses.Leishmania donovanievades these host defense mechanisms to survive and persist in the host. A better understanding and identification of mechanisms thatL. donovaniemploys for its survival is critical for developing novel therapeutic interventions that specifically target the parasite. This paper will highlight some of the mechanisms that the parasite utilizes for its persistence and also discuss how the immune response is regulated.

scholarly journals Prior Exposure to Coxsackievirus A21 Does Not Mitigate Oncolytic Therapeutic Efficacy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4462
Author(s):  
William J. Burnett ◽  
David M. Burnett ◽  
Gennie Parkman ◽  
Andrew Ramstead ◽  
Nico Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Coxsackievirus A21 ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Early Phase Clinical Trials

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are being developed as a type of immunotherapy and have demonstrated durable tumor responses and clinical efficacy. One such OV, Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), exhibited therapeutic efficacy in early phase clinical trials, demonstrating the ability to infect and kill cancer cells and stimulate anti-tumor immune responses. However, one of the major concerns in using this common cold virus as a therapeutic is the potential for innate and adaptive immune responses to mitigate the benefits of viral infection, particularly in individuals that have been exposed to coxsackievirus prior to treatment. In this study, we assess melanoma responses to CVA21 in the absence or presence of prior exposure to the virus. Melanomas were transplanted into naïve or CVA21-immunized C57BL6 mice and the mice were treated with intratumoral (IT) CVA21. We find that prior exposure to CVA21 does not dramatically affect tumor responses, nor does it alter overall survival. Our results suggest that prior exposure to coxsackievirus is not a critical determinant of patient selection for IT CVA21 interventions.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D on Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae

2013 ◽  
Vol 208 (9) ◽  
pp. 1474-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Olliver ◽  
Laura Spelmink ◽  
Jeffni Hiew ◽  
Ulf Meyer-Hoffert ◽  
Birgitta Henriques-Normark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Adaptive immunity and vaccination – Iron in the spotlight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra E Preston ◽  
Hal Drakesmith ◽  
Joe N Frost
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Availability ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Potential Impact

Abstract Vaccination programmes are critically important to suppress the burden of infectious diseases, saving countless lives globally, as emphasized by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Effective adaptive immune responses are complex processes subject to multiple influences. Recent genetic, pre-clinical and clinical studies have converged to show that availability of iron is a key factor regulating the development of T and B cell responses to infection and immunization. Lymphocytes obtain iron from circulating transferrin. The amount of iron bound to transferrin is dependent on dietary iron availability and is decreased during inflammation via upregulation of the iron-regulatory hormone, hepcidin. As iron deficiency and chronic inflammatory states are both globally prevalent health problems, the potential impact of low iron availability on immune responses is significant. We describe the evidence supporting the importance of iron in immunity, highlight important unknowns, and discuss how therapeutic interventions to modulate iron availability might be implementable in the context of vaccination and infectious disease.

scholarly journals Activation of viral defense signaling in cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 175883591879310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Gonzalez-Cao ◽  
Niki Karachaliou ◽  
Mariacarmela Santarpia ◽  
Santiago Viteri ◽  
Andreas Meyerhans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

A coordinated action of innate and adaptive immune responses is required to efficiently combat a microbial infection. It has now become clear that cancer therapies also largely benefit when both arms of the immune response are engaged. In this review, we will briefly describe the current knowledge of innate immunity and how this can be utilized to prime tumors for a better response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Comments on compounds in development and ongoing clinical trials will be provided.

Characterization and comparison of innate and adaptive immune responses at vaccine sites in melanoma vaccine clinical trials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit M. Melssen ◽  
Karlyn E. Pollack ◽  
Max O. Meneveau ◽  
Mark E. Smolkin ◽  
Joel Pinczewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Melanoma Vaccine ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Reprogramming immune responses via microRNA modulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan R. Cubillos-Ruiz ◽  
Melanie R Rutkowski ◽  
Julia Tchou ◽  
Jose R. Conejo-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Individual Mirnas ◽  
Selective Modulation

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly clear that there are unique sets of miRNAs that have distinct governing roles in several aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, new tools allow selective modulation of the expression of individual miRNAs, both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how miRNAs drive the activity of immune cells, and how their modulation in vivo opens new avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in multiple diseases, from immunodeficiency to cancer. Recent contributions from our laboratory and other groups to novel formulations for miRNA mimetics are further discussed

scholarly journals Use of Salmonella Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: Direct, Drug Delivery and Combination Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereshteh Badie ◽  
Maryam Ghandali ◽  
Seyed Alireza Tabatabaei ◽  
Mahmood Safari ◽  
Ahmad Khorshidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Fda Approval ◽  
Targeting Ability ◽  
Early Phase Clinical Trials ◽  
Routine Clinical Application

Over the years, conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy with only a limited specificity for tumors, have undergone significant improvement. Moreover, newer therapies such as immunotherapy have undergone a revolution to stimulate the innate as well as adaptive immune responses against the tumor. However, it has been found that tumors can be selectively colonized by certain bacteria, where they can proliferate, and exert direct oncolytic effects as well as stimulating the immune system. Bacterial-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) is now one example of a hot topic in the antitumor field. Salmonella typhimurium is a Gram-negative species that generally causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. This species has been designed and engineered in order to be used in cancer-targeted therapeutics. S. typhimurium can be used in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy for synergistic modification of the tumor microenvironment. Considerable benefits have been shown by using engineered attenuated strains for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Some of these treatment approaches have received FDA approval for early-phase clinical trials. This review summarizes the use of Salmonella bacteria for cancer therapy, which could pave the way towards routine clinical application. The benefits of this therapy include an automatic self-targeting ability, and the possibility of genetic manipulation to produce newly engineered attenuated strains. Nevertheless, Salmonella-mediated anticancer therapy has not yet been clinically established, and requires more research before its use in cancer treatment.

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