scholarly journals The Influence of Sleep Quality, Vigilance, and Sleepiness on Driving-Related Cognitive Abilities: A Comparison between Young and Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Chiara Bartolacci ◽  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Aurora D’Atri ◽  
Maurizio Gorgoni ◽  
Ludovica Annarumma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Test System ◽  
Excessive Sleepiness ◽  
Attention And Perception ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

Background: Driving performance is strongly vulnerable to drowsiness and vigilance fluctuations. Excessive sleepiness may alter concentration, alertness, and reaction times. As people age, sleep undergoes some changes, becoming fragmented and less deep. However, the effects of these modifications on daily life have not been sufficiently investigated. Recently, the assessment of sleepiness became mandatory in Europe for people at risk who need the driving license release. Moreover, considering the expectation that people around the world are rapidly aging, it is necessary to investigate the relationships between senescence sleep changes, vigilance levels, and driving-related cognitive skills. Method: 80 healthy subjects (40 young adults and 40 elders) participated in the study. Sleep quality, sleepiness, and vigilance levels were assessed through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). Driving-related cognitive abilities were assessed through Vienna Test System TRAFFIC, investigating selective attention, tachistoscopic perception, and risk assumption. Results: 2 × 2 between-subject ANOVAs showed less habitual sleep efficiency and worse performances in PVT in the older group. Unexpectedly, younger subjects show higher self-rated sleepiness. Moreover, older adults have lower performance in attention and perception tests, but they appear to be more cautious in situations involving traffic. Finally, the multiple regressions show age to be the only robust predictor of cognitive driving-related abilities. Conclusions: This is the first study that investigates the relationships among sleepiness/vigilance and specific driving-related cognitive skills on a sufficiently large sample. Nevertheless, the study should be considered preliminary and does not allow us to understand how specific changes in sleep architecture impact performances in the elders’ everyday life and, specifically, on driving skills.

scholarly journals Sleep quality, occupational factors, and psychomotor vigilance performance in the U.S. Navy sailors

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Matsangas ◽  
Nita Lewis Shattuck
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Vigilance Performance ◽  
Occupational Factors ◽  
Enlisted Personnel ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Study Objectives This field study (a) assessed sleep quality of sailors on the U.S. Navy (USN) ships while underway, (b) investigated whether the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores were affected by occupational factors and sleep attributes, and (c) assessed whether the PSQI could predict impaired psychomotor vigilance performance. Methods Longitudinal field assessment of fit-for-duty USN sailors performing their underway duties (N = 944, 79.0% males, median age 26 years). Participants completed questionnaires, wore actigraphs, completed logs, and performed the wrist-worn 3-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT). Results Sailors slept on average 6.60 ± 1.01 h/day with 86.9% splitting their sleep into more than one episode/day. The median PSQI Global score was 8 (interquartile range [IQR] = 5); 80.4% of the population were classified as “poor sleepers” with PSQI scores >5. PSQI scores were affected by sailor occupational group, rank, daily sleep duration, and number of sleep episodes/day. Sleep quality showed a U-shape association with daily sleep duration due to the confounding effect of split sleep. Sailors with PSQI scores >9 had 21.1% slower reaction times (p < 0.001) and 32.8%–61.5% more lapses combined with false starts (all p < 0.001) than sailors with PSQI scores ≤9. Compared to males and officers, females and enlisted personnel had 86% and 23% higher risk, respectively, of having PSQI scores >9. Sailors in the PSQI > 9 group had more pronounced split sleep. Conclusions Working on Navy ships is associated with elevated PSQI scores, a high incidence of poor sleep, and degraded psychomotor vigilance performance. The widely used PSQI score>5 criterion should be further validated in active-duty service member populations.

Reminiscence intervention for community-dwelling older adults without dementia: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Shropshire
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Term Care

The aim of the present integrative literature review is to summarise empirical evidence supporting the positive health benefits of reminiscence intervention for older adults without dementia who reside in community and long-term care settings. Reminiscence intervention may be used to improve cognitive ability in older adults by prompting them to share life stories and recall past events. Using Garrard's matrix method, 15 studies were identified and included in this review, with a total of 815 participants. The health outcomes of reminiscence intervention for older adults residing in the community and long-term care settings were improvements in depressive symptoms; greater wellbeing, peace and life satisfaction; and improvements in quality of life, social engagement, anxiety and cognitive skills/memory. Non-pharmacological approaches such as reminiscence intervention may contribute to a rich base for reformulating cognitive interpretations, increasing cognitive abilities, and improving social skills among older adults.

scholarly journals Effects of different sleep restriction protocols on sleep architecture and daytime vigilance in healthy men

2010 ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Wu ◽  
WS Stone ◽  
X Hsi ◽  
J Zhuang ◽  
L Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Night Sleep ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

Sleep is regulated by complex biological systems and environmental influences, neither of which is fully clarified. This study demonstrates differential effects of partial sleep deprivation (SD) on sleep architecture and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance using two different protocols (sequentially) that each restricted daily sleep to 3 hours in healthy adult men. The protocols differed only in the period of sleep restriction; in one, sleep was restricted to a 3-hour block from 12:00 AM to 3:00 AM, and in the other, sleep was restricted to a block from 3:00 AM to 6:00 AM. Subjects in the earlier sleep restriction period showed a significantly lower percentage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep after 4 days (17.0 vs. 25.7 %) and a longer latency to the onset of REM sleep (L-REM) after 1 day (78.8 vs. 45.5 min) than they did in the later sleep restriction period. Reaction times on PVT performance were also better (i.e. shorter) in the earlier SR period on day 4 (249.8 vs. 272 ms). These data support the view that earlier-night sleep may be more beneficial for daytime vigilance than later-night sleep. The study also showed that cumulative declines in daytime vigilance resulted from loss of total sleep time, rather than from specific stages, and underscored the reversibility of SR effects with greater amounts of sleep.

Agreement between the 3-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) Embedded in a Wrist-worn Device and the Laptop-based PVT

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 666-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Matsangas ◽  
Nita Lewis Shattuck
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Ambient Lighting ◽  
Device Type ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

The study assesses the agreement between the 3-minute version of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) with an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 2 to 10 seconds and the validated 3-minute laptop-based PVT (ISI=1-4 seconds). The experiment utilized a randomized, within-subject, repeated-measures design with three factors (PVT device type, the backlight feature of the wrist-worn device, ambient lighting). Results show the differences in reaction times (RT) between devices are incrementally associated with the magnitude of the RTs. These differences tend to be in opposing directions when the backlight feature in the wrist-worn device is on. That is, RTs in the wrist-worn device tend to be faster compared to the laptop for (on average) faster individuals, whereas (on average) slower individuals tend to do better in the laptop compared to the wrist-worn device. The proportional bias introduced by the wrist-worn device compared to the laptop makes it difficult to translate individual RTs between different devices. The proportional bias, however, may work in favor for detecting differences between slow and fast RTs.

scholarly journals The relationship between alertness and spatial attention under simulated shiftwork

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Chandrakumar ◽  
J. Dorrian ◽  
S. Banks ◽  
H. A. D. Keage ◽  
S. Coussens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Detection Task ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tentative Evidence ◽  
Stanford Sleepiness Scale ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Higher and lower levels of alertness typically lead to a leftward and rightward bias in attention, respectively. This relationship between alertness and spatial attention potentially has major implications for health and safety. The current study examined alertness and spatial attention under simulated shiftworking conditions. Nineteen healthy right-handed participants (M = 24.6 ± 5.3 years, 11 males) completed a seven-day laboratory based simulated shiftwork study. Measures of alertness (Stanford Sleepiness Scale and Psychomotor Vigilance Task) and spatial attention (Landmark Task and Detection Task) were assessed across the protocol. Detection Task performance revealed slower reaction times and higher omissions of peripheral (compared to central) stimuli, with lowered alertness; suggesting narrowed visuospatial attention and a slight left-sided neglect. There were no associations between alertness and spatial bias on the Landmark Task. Our findings provide tentative evidence for a slight neglect of the left side and a narrowing of attention with lowered alertness. The possibility that one’s ability to sufficiently react to information in the periphery and the left-side may be compromised under conditions of lowered alertness highlights the need for future research to better understand the relationship between spatial attention and alertness under shiftworking conditions.

Immediate-term chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) following administration of intravenous (IV) chemotherapy.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10084-10084
Author(s):  
Omar Farooq Khan ◽  
Ellen R. Cusano ◽  
Soundouss Raissouni ◽  
Mica Pabia ◽  
Johanna Haeseker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Prior Chemotherapy ◽  
Chemotherapy Administration ◽  
Stanford Sleepiness Scale ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

10084 Background: The acute impact of chemotherapy on cognition is unknown. This study utilized performance on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and trail-making test B (TMT) to assess CRCI immediately following chemotherapy administration. Methods: Patients aged 18-80 years receiving first-line IV chemotherapy for any stage of breast or colorectal cancer were eligible. Patients with brain metastases, neurologic disorders or allergic reactions to chemotherapy were excluded. Patient symptoms, peripheral neuropathy and Stanford Sleepiness Scale were assessed. A five-minute PVT and TMT were completed on a tablet computer pre-chemotherapy and immediately post-chemotherapy. Paired Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used to assess change in median PVT reaction time, TMT completion time, TMT errors and PVT lapses. A priori, an increase in median PVT reaction times by over 20 ms (approximating reaction time changes with blood alcohol concentrations of 0.04 to 0.05 g%) was considered a clinically relevant change. Results: 144 patients (74 breast, 70 colorectal, median age 55.5 years) were tested. Post-chemotherapy, median PVT reaction time slowed by an average of 12.4 ms ( p = 0.01). Post-chemotherapy median PVT times slowed by over 20 ms in 59 patients (40.9%). TMT completion post-chemotherapy was faster by an average of 6.1 seconds ( p < 0.001). No differences were seen in TMT errors ( p = 0.417) or PVT lapses ( p = 0.845). Change in median PVT reaction time was not associated with age, gender, number of prior chemotherapy cycles, peripheral neuropathy grade, self-reported symptoms (anxiety, fatigue or depression). Change in median PVT reaction time was also not significantly associated with use of any specific chemotherapeutic drug or class, including paclitaxel (which includes ethanol as an excipient). Conclusions: Median PVT reaction time was significantly slower immediately after chemotherapy compared to a pre-chemotherapy baseline, and impairment correlating to effects of alcohol was seen in 41% of patients. This effect appears independent of age, self-reported symptoms or prior chemotherapy cycles. Further studies assessing functional impact of immediate-term CRCI are warranted.

Hand-Held and Wrist-Worn Field-Based PVT Devices vs. the Standardized Laptop PVT

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-415
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Matsangas ◽  
Nita Lewis Shattuck
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Environmental Movement ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Pvt Data ◽  
Constant Bias ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

BACKGROUND: Given the challenges of collecting reliable Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) data in the field, this study compared a 3-min PVT on a hand-held device and wrist-worn device vs. a standardized laptop.METHODS: The experiment utilized a randomized, repeated-measures design. Subjects (N = 36) performed the PVT on a touch-screen, hand-held device (HHD), a wrist-worn device (WWD), and a standardized laptop (L). Sleep was assessed using wrist-worn actigraphy.RESULTS: Compared to the L, the HHD was slower on average (∼50% longer reaction times; ∼34% slower response speeds; ∼600% more lapses in attention combined with false starts) and introduced a proportional bias that decreased the range of response speeds by 60%. Compared to the L, the WWD with the backlight on was faster on average (reaction time: ∼6%; response speed: ∼13%), but equivalent in lapses combined with false starts, and introduced a proportional bias that increased the range of responses by 60%.DISCUSSION: Compared to the L PVT, using a hand-held, touch screen interface to collect PVT data may introduce a large constant bias and a proportional bias that decreases the range of response speed. However, performance on the WWD closely mirrors performance on the L PVT and the proportional bias tends to be in favor of detecting individuals with slower responses. Researchers should avoid comparing PVT metrics between different device types. Reliability of PVT data from a WWD or HHD may be degraded when used in an operational setting with unpredictable environmental movement (such as a surface maritime setting).Matsangas P, Shattuck NL. Hand-held and wrist-worn field-based PVT devices vs. the standardized laptop PVT. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(5):409–415.

scholarly journals Increased nocturnal arterial pulsation frequencies of obstructive sleep apnoea patients is associated with an increased number of lapses in a psychomotor vigilance task

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 00277-2020
Author(s):  
Samu Kainulainen ◽  
Brett Duce ◽  
Henri Korkalainen ◽  
Akseli Leino ◽  
Riku Huttunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Pulsation Frequency ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Arterial Pulsation ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

ObjectivesBesides hypoxaemia severity, heart rate variability has been linked to cognitive decline in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients. Thus, our aim was to examine whether the frequency domain features of a nocturnal photoplethysmogram (PPG) can be linked to poor performance in the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT).MethodsPPG signals from 567 suspected OSA patients, extracted from Type 1 diagnostic polysomnography, and corresponding results of PVT were retrospectively examined. The frequency content of complete PPGs was determined, and analyses were conducted separately for men (n=327) and women (n=240). Patients were grouped into PVT performance quartiles based on the number of lapses (reaction times ≥500 ms) and within-test variation in reaction times. The best-performing (Q1) and worst-performing (Q4) quartiles were compared due the lack of clinical thresholds in PVT.ResultsWe found that the increase in arterial pulsation frequency (APF) in both men and women was associated with a higher number of lapses. Higher APF was also associated with higher within-test variation in men, but not in women. Median APF (β=0.27, p=0.01), time spent under 90% saturation (β=0.05, p<0.01), female sex (β=1.29, p<0.01), older age (β=0.03, p<0.01) and subjective sleepiness (β=0.07, p<0.01) were significant predictors of belonging to Q4 based on lapses. Only female sex (β=0.75, p<0.01) and depression (β=0.91, p<0.02) were significant predictors of belonging to Q4 based on the within-test variation.ConclusionsIn conclusion, increased APF in PPG provides a possible polysomnography indicator for deteriorated vigilance especially in male OSA patients. This finding highlights the connection between cardiorespiratory regulation, vigilance and OSA. However, our results indicate substantial sex-dependent differences that warrant further prospective studies.

scholarly journals Slow-frequency electroencephalography activity during wake and sleep in obesity hypoventilation syndrome

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Sivam ◽  
Joseph Poon ◽  
Keith K H Wong ◽  
Brendon J Yee ◽  
Amanda J Piper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance ◽  
Obesity Hypoventilation ◽  
Slow Frequency

Abstract Study Objective Neurophysiological activity during wake and sleep states in obesity hypoventilation (OHS) and its relationship with neurocognitive function is not well understood. This study compared OHS with equally obese obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, with similar apnea-hypopnea indices. Methods Resting wake and overnight sleep electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, neurocognitive tests, and sleepiness, depression and anxiety scores were assessed before and after 3 months of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy in 15 OHS and 36 OSA patients. Results Pretreatment, greater slow frequency EEG activity during wake and sleep states (increased delta-alpha ratio during sleep, and theta power during awake) was observed in the OHS group compared to the OSA group. EEG slowing was correlated with poorer performance on the psychomotor vigilance task (slowest 10% of reciprocal reaction times, psychomotor vigilance test [PVT SRRT], primary outcome), and worse sleep-related hypoxemia measures in OHS. There was no between-group significant difference in PVT performance at pre or post-treatment. Similarly, despite both groups demonstrating improved sleepiness, anxiety and depression scores with PAP therapy, there were no differences in treatment response between the OSA and OHS groups. Conclusion Patients with OHS have greater slow frequency EEG activity during sleep and wake than equally obese patients with OSA. Greater EEG slowing was associated with worse vigilance and lower oxygenation during sleep. Clinical Trial This trial was registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12615000122550).

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Psychomotor Vigilance Task for Touch Screen Devices

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Arsintescu ◽  
Jeffrey B. Mulligan ◽  
Erin E. Flynn-Evans
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Touch Screen ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Task ◽  
Touch Response ◽  
Touch Screen Devices ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

Objective: Our goals were to compare three techniques for performing a psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) on a touch screen device (fifth-generation iPod) and to determine the device latency. Background: The PVT is a reaction-time test that is sensitive to sleep loss and circadian misalignment. Several PVT tests have been developed for touch screen devices, but unlike the standard PVT developed for laboratory use, these tests allow for touch responses to be recorded at any location on the device, with contact from any finger. In addition, touch screen devices exhibit latency in processing time between the touch response and the time registered by the device. Method: Thirteen participants completed a 5-min PVT on a touch screen device held in three positions (on a table with index finger, handheld portrait with index finger, handheld landscape with thumb). We compared reaction-time outcomes in each orientation condition using paired t tests. We recorded the first session using a high-speed video camera to determine the latency between the touch response and the documented response time. Results: The participants had significantly faster reaction times in the landscape-oriented position using the thumb, compared with the portrait-oriented position using the index ( M = 224.13 and M = 244.26, p = .045). Using data from 1,241 unique touch events, we found a mean device latency of 68.53 ms that varied highly between individuals. Conclusion: Device orientation and device latency should be considered when using a touch screen version of a PVT. Application: Our findings apply to researchers administering touch screen versions of the PVT.

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