scholarly journals Characterizing Bilingual Effects on Cognition: The Search for Meaningful Individual Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Kristina C. Backer ◽  
Heather Bortfeld
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Movement ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

A debate over the past decade has focused on the so-called bilingual advantage—the idea that bilingual and multilingual individuals have enhanced domain-general executive functions, relative to monolinguals, due to competition-induced monitoring of both processing and representation from the task-irrelevant language(s). In this commentary, we consider a recent study by Pot, Keijzer, and de Bot (2018), which focused on the relationship between individual differences in language usage and performance on an executive function task among multilingual older adults. We discuss their approach and findings in light of a more general movement towards embracing complexity in this domain of research, including individuals’ sociocultural context and position in the lifespan. The field increasingly considers interactions between bilingualism/multilingualism and cognition, employing measures of language use well beyond the early dichotomous perspectives on language background. Moreover, new measures of bilingualism and analytical approaches are helping researchers interrogate the complexities of specific processing issues. Indeed, our review of the bilingualism/multilingualism literature confirms the increased appreciation researchers have for the range of factors—beyond whether someone speaks one, two, or more languages—that impact specific cognitive processes. Here, we highlight some of the most salient of these, and incorporate suggestions for a way forward that likewise encompasses neural perspectives on the topic.

Achievement in School in Relation to Simultaneous and Sequential Cognitive Processes among Young Egyptian Students

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1139-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadia Z. Elwan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sequential Analysis ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Sequential Processing ◽  
Simultaneous Synthesis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reading Decoding

The present study was designed to examine whether a relationship exists between scores on simultaneous and sequential cognitive processes, on one hand, and performance on the Reading Decoding and Arithmetic subtests of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K–ABC), on the other hand, using a sample of 170 Egyptian school children in Grades 1, 3, and 5. To examine the differential magnitudes of the relationship between scores for cognitive processing and school achievement a two by two (simultaneous × sequential) analysis of variance was calculated with reading decoding and arithmetic scores as dependent variables. The results indicated that cognitive processing, especially simultaneous synthesis, is related to arithmetic as well as decoding during reading. Scores on sequential processing were not significantly related to scores for decoding reading and may not be important as simultaneous processing for mathematical skills. The findings were interpreted in the context of the Arabic orthographic system and in view of the nature of the cognitive and mathematical tasks employed in this study.

scholarly journals New Approaches to Documenting Performance in the Museum: Value, History, and Strategy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Acatia Finbow
Keyword(s):  
Effective Activation ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Future Value ◽  
Value History ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Radical Shift ◽  
Museum Value

This chapter shows how over the past two decades the relationship between the museum and performance has undergone a radical shift with the acquisition of performance-based artworks into the collection, shifting the role of the museum from that of a repository to that of a vital participant in the activation of the work. This chapter reflects on the new value this turn affords to documentation, and on how it is being used to support the effective activation of performance-based artworks in the museum. It reflects particularly on Tate’s development of documentation practices that address these new institutional needs and on how these navigate both immediate and potential future value.

The Philosophy of Theater

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Y. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Performance Studies ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Audience Reception ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Theatrical Performance ◽  
Ontological Question ◽  
Dramatic Text ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Theater—i.e., traditional text-based theater—is often considered the art form that most closely resembles lived life: real bodies in space play out a story through the passage of time. Because of this, theater (or theatre) has long been a laboratory of, and for, philosophical thought and reflection. The study of philosophy and theater has a history that dates back to, and flourished in, ancient Greece and Rome. While philosophers over the centuries have revisited the study of theater, the past four decades in particular have seen a noted and substantial increase of scholarship investigating this intersection between philosophy and theater. “Philosophy of theater” is, on one hand, a “field” that is just starting to take shape and is barely over a decade old; on another hand, it is a recognized subfield both of aesthetics and of theater and performance studies. And finally, it is also an amorphous concept, either not yet fleshed out, or intentionally amorphous and proudly organic. Philosophy of theater is also sometimes referred to—or is argued to be subsumed, more broadly, in—“performance philosophy,” which also refers to a network of academics and practitioners that publishes a book series and a journal of the same name. Regardless of what it is called or how it is classified, scholarship has coalesced around some fundamental preoccupations, which are not too dissimilar to questions that arise in other philosophies of. . . (e.g., art, film, dance, etc.). The debates in philosophy of theater mostly fall into three of the main branches of philosophy: metaphysics, epistemology, and aesthetics. The major metaphysical debates center on an ontological question: What is theater? Epistemological studies tend to focus on audience reception and/or how meaning is made and/or transmitted. Finally, studies in aesthetics focus on two main questions: (1) What is theater as an art form? (2) What is the relationship between dramatic text and theatrical performance? This article is intentionally narrow in its scope, focusing on philosophy and theater traditions that came out of Greek theater and philosophy, in order to ensure a sufficient amount of depth, not (merely) breadth.

Differences in Mood States between Successful and Less Successful Karate Participants

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. McGowan ◽  
Mark J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Participation ◽  
Mood States ◽  
The Past ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Several researchers over the past 10 to 15 yr. have explored the relations among personality, athletic participation, and performance. More recently, research has focused on the relationship between mood states (transitory subjective feelings, emotions, or affect) and athletics. The purpose of this study was to explore this relationship in karate practitioners. Analysis indicated that successful competitors were significantly more angry than less successful competitors.

scholarly journals A TOOL OF INTERIOR ANALYSIS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF ANALYTICAL APPROACHES AND MERSIN TRAIN STATION BUILDING SAMPLE

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 708-731
Author(s):  
Tuğba LEVENT KASAP ◽  
B. Burak KAPTAN
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Train Station ◽  
Analytical Thinking ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Architecture ◽  
Mental Actions

Thinking is a skill that involves complex mental actions and shows individual differences. Thinking ability is the most important feature that makes humankind superior to other living things. Individual differences cause thinking to evolve into different types. Analytical thinking can also be defined as an act of thinking and understanding all parts of a whole. According to the philosophy of analytical thinking, all parts of the whole must be understood in order to understand the whole. There is a flow from piece to whole in the analytical thinking approach. In other words, it is an inductive approach. When considered in this context, the understanding of an interior space can be achieved by understanding all the parts of the interior one by one and establishing the relationship with the whole. A limited number of studies related to an analytical interior analysis tool were reached in the literature. For this reason, the aim of the research is to develop an analytical interior analysis tool and to evaluate this method developed within the scope of an example. For this purpose, an interior analysis tool has been developedin the light of the information obtained from the literature review. For an exemplary evaluation, Mersin Train Station Building, one of the works of the Second National Architecture Period, was chosen and was evaluated within the scope of this tool. As a result, it has been found that the use of an interior analysis tool in interior studies allows the examination of all elements of the entire interior, and enables the detection of erroneous and uncontrolled applications carried out in the process, especially in historical places without ignoring.

scholarly journals Los vaivenes del canon Traducción y puesta en escena de la comedia áurea en Rusia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Ryjik
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Performance History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Golden Age Spanish Theatre ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Past 300 Years

This chapter surveys the history of Russian translations of Golden Age Spanish theatre from the early 18th century until now, with a special focus on the relationship between translation trends and performance history. Our main goal is not only to document all known Russian translations of Spanish classical plays completed in the past 300 years, but also to elucidate the processes by which translation took part in the development and transformation of a specifically Russian comedia canon.

Effects of Chronotype and Synchrony/Asynchrony on Creativity

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolin Roeser ◽  
Korbinian Riepl ◽  
Christoph Randler ◽  
Andrea Kübler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Composite Scale ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Composite Scores ◽  
The Relationship

Individual differences in morningness/eveningness are associated with measures of personality and performance. Yet, little is known about the relationship between morningness/eveningness and creativity. We tested N = 163 participants in the morning or in the evening, using the Composite Scale of Morningness and subtests of the Berlin Model of Intelligence Structure (BIS) Test to measure creativity. Creativity composite scores were derived for fluidity, that is the number of responses, and flexibility, that is the diversity of responses. Morningness was significantly associated with higher fluidity scores. Flexibility scores were positively, but not significantly related to morningness. We observed no significant effects of testing time or synchrony/asynchrony. In a linear regression model, older age, female sex, and higher morningness preference significantly predicted fluidity, indicating that morning types produce more creative solutions than evening-orientated individuals, independent of time of testing. Future studies should aim at replicating this result in larger samples and across other measures of creativity.

Why won’t task conflict cooperate? Deciphering stubborn results

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misty L. Loughry ◽  
Allen C. Amason
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Task Conflict ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Team Members ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest why the theoretically positive relationship between task conflict and team performance has received mixed empirical support. Design/methodology/approach – We review the literature on task conflict and offer explanations for findings that contradict the expected positive relationship between task conflict and team performance. Findings – High levels of correlation among task, relationship and process conflict, and measurement and data analysis issues make it difficult to isolate the effects of each type of conflict. Group-level moderators, including values congruence, goal alignment, norms for debate and the group’s performance history and conflict history affect the relationship between task conflict and performance. The complex relationship between conflict and trust may cause task conflict to have mixed effects on performance. Individual differences and conflict management approaches also affect the relationship between task conflict and performance. Temporal issues and stages of group development are other relevant influences. Practical implications – To better achieve the theorized performance benefits of task conflict, a context characterized by trust is needed. Then norms fostering task conflict can be cultivated and employees can be trained in conflict management. Individual differences that affect team members’ ability to confidently accept task conflict can be considered in selection. Originality/value – Suggestions are presented for future research that may explain discrepant findings in the past empirical literature. In particular, it may be difficult for some team members to perceive task conflict in well-functioning teams. Measures of task conflict that avoid the use of words with a negative connotation should be tested.

Field-Dependence, Extraversion and Perception of the Vertical: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives of the Rod-and-Frame Test

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. Fine ◽  
Armand V. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Using conventional scoring procedures for the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT), extraversion was shown to interact with field-dependence (defined by scores on the Hidden-shapes Test), with the field-dependent extraverts being most inaccurate performers on the rod and frame. Of greater importance, serious questions were raised about theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between paper-and-pencil measures of field-dependence and performance on the rod and frame, and it was concluded that “what has … been demonstrated over the past ten years is the reliability of a relationship of questionable validity.”

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