scholarly journals Age-Related Effect of Sleepiness on Driving Performance: A Systematic-Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1090
Author(s):  
Serena Scarpelli ◽  
Valentina Alfonsi ◽  
Maurizio Gorgoni ◽  
Milena Camaioni ◽  
Anna Maria Giannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Related Effect ◽  
Behavioral Task ◽  
Standardized Measures ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Age Related

Background: Several studies highlighted that sleepiness affects driving abilities. In particular, road traffic injuries due to excessive daytime sleepiness are about 10%–20%. Considering that aging is related to substantial sleep changes and the number of older adults with driving license is increasing, the current review aims to summarize recent studies on this issue. Further, we intend to provide insights for future research. Methods: From the 717 records screened, ten articles were selected and systematically reviewed. Results: Among the selected articles, (a) five studies investigated sleepiness only by self-reported standardized measures; (b) two studies assessed sleepiness also using a behavioral task; (c) three studies obtained objective measures by electroencephalographic recordings. Conclusions: The available literature on the topic reports several limitations. Overall, many findings converge in evidencing that older drivers are less vulnerable to sleep loss and sleepiness-related driving impairments than young adults. These discrepancies in sleepiness vulnerability between age groups may be ascribed to differences in subjects’ lifestyles. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that older adults self-regulate their driving and avoid specific dangerous situations. We believe that an easy protocol to objectively evaluate the vigilance level in elderly and young adults is required, and further studies are needed.

Changes in the Dynamic Stability of Walking in Active Healthy Older Adults Independent of Changes in Walking Speed

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Gu Kang ◽  
Jonathan B. Dingwell
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Dynamic Stability ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Leg Strength ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Walking Speeds

Older adults commonly walk slower, which many believe helps improve their walking stability. However, they remain at increased risk of falls. We investigated how differences in age and walking speed independently affect dynamic stability during walking, and how age-related changes in leg strength and ROM affected this relationship. Eighteen active healthy older and 17 younger adults walked on a treadmill for 5 minutes each at each of 5 speeds (80–120% of preferred). Local divergence exponents and maximum Floquet multipliers (FM) were calculated to quantify each subject’s responses to small inherent perturbations during walking. These older adults exhibited the same preferred walking speeds as the younger subjects (p = 0.860). However, these older adults still exhibited greater local divergence exponents (p<0.0001) and higher maximum FM (p<0.007) than young adults at all walking speeds. These older adults remained more unstable (p<0.04) even after adjusting for declines in both strength and ROM. In both age groups, local divergence exponents decreased at slower speeds and increased at faster speeds (p<0.0001). Maximum FM showed similar changes with speed (p<0.02). The older adults in this study were healthy enough to walk at normal speeds. However, these adults were still more unstable than the young adults, independent of walking speed. This greater instability was not explained by loss of leg strength and ROM. Slower speeds led to decreased instability in both groups.

scholarly journals A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN TRUST

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S477-S477
Author(s):  
Phoebe E Bailey ◽  
Tarren Leon
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Effect Of Age

Abstract This systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the magnitude and breadth of age-related differences in trust. Thirty-eight independent data sets met criteria for inclusion. Overall, there was a moderate effect of age group on trust (g = 0.22), whereby older adults were more trusting than young adults. Three additional meta-analyses assessed age-related differences in trust in response to varying degrees of trustworthiness. This revealed that older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to neutral (g = 0.31) and negative (g = 0.33), but not positive (g = 0.15), indicators of trustworthiness. The effect of age group on trust in response to positive and neutral cues was moderated by type of trust (financial vs. non-financial) and type of responding (self-report vs. behavioral). Older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to positive and neutral indicators of trustworthiness when trust was expressed non-financially, but not financially. There was also an age-related increase in self-reported, but not behavioral, trust in response to neutral cues. Older adults were more trusting than young adults in response to negative indicators of trustworthiness regardless of the type of trust or type of responding. The reliability of information about trustworthiness (superficial vs. genuine cues) did not moderate any effects of age on trust. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals I remember it like it was yesterday: Age-related changes in the subjective experience of remembering the past

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Folville ◽  
Jon Simons ◽  
Arnaud D'Argembeau ◽  
Christine Bastin
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Conceptual Knowledge ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

It has been frequently described that older adults subjectively report the vividness of their memories as being as high, or even higher, than young adults, despite poorer objective memory performance and/or lower activity in the associated brain regions. Here, we review studies that examined age-related changes in the cognitive and neural basis of the subjective experience of remembering. Together, these studies reveal that older adults assign subjective memory ratings that are as high or higher than young adults but rely on retrieved memory details to a lesser extent. We discuss potential mechanisms underlying this observation. Overestimation of subjective ratings may stem from metamemory changes, psycho-social factors or methodological issues. As for poorer calibration of the ratings, this may be explained by the fact that older adults rely on/weight other types of information (conceptual knowledge, personal memories, and socioemotional or gist aspects of the memory trace) to a greater extent than young adults when judging the subjective vividness of their memories. We further highlight that a desirable avenue for future research would be to investigate how subjective ratings follow the richness of the corresponding mental representations in other cognitive operations than episodic memory and in other populations than healthy older adults. Finally, we recommend that future studies explore the bases of the subjective sense of remembering across the lifespan while considering recent accounts focusing both on individual and collective/shared aspects of recollection.

scholarly journals Differences Between Young and Older Adults in Working Memory and Performance on the Test of Basic Auditory Capabilities†

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Humes ◽  
Gary R. Kidd ◽  
Jennifer J. Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Age Related

The Test of Basic Auditory Capabilities (TBAC) is a battery of auditory-discrimination tasks and speech-identification tasks that has been normed on several hundred young normal-hearing adults. Previous research with the TBAC suggested that cognitive function may impact the performance of older adults. Here, we examined differences in performance on several TBAC tasks between a group of 34 young adults with a mean age of 22.5 years (SD = 3.1 years) and a group of 115 older adults with a mean age of 69.2 years (SD = 6.2 years) recruited from the local community. Performance of the young adults was consistent with prior norms for this age group. Not surprisingly, the two groups differed significantly in hearing loss and working memory with the older adults having more hearing loss and poorer working memory than the young adults. The two age groups also differed significantly in performance on six of the nine measures extracted from the TBAC (eight test scores and one average test score) with the older adults consistently performing worse than the young adults. However, when these age-group comparisons were repeated with working memory and hearing loss as covariates, the groups differed in performance on only one of the nine auditory measures from the TBAC. For eight of the nine TBAC measures, working memory was a significant covariate and hearing loss never emerged as a significant factor. Thus, the age-group deficits observed initially on the TBAC most often appeared to be mediated by age-related differences in working memory rather than deficits in auditory processing. The results of these analyses of age-group differences were supported further by linear-regression analyses with each of the 9 TBAC scores serving as the dependent measure and age, hearing loss, and working memory as the predictors. Regression analyses were conducted for the full set of 149 adults and for just the 115 older adults. Working memory again emerged as the predominant factor impacting TBAC performance. It is concluded that working memory should be considered when comparing the performance of young and older adults on auditory tasks, including the TBAC.

Abstract TP244: Age-Related Disparities in Door-to-Needle Times: It’s Not What You Think

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian J Burrell ◽  
Kristin P Guilliams ◽  
Jennifer A Williams ◽  
Laura Heitsch ◽  
Peter Panagos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Stroke Mimics ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Forward Stepwise

Introduction: Delays in door-to-needle time (DNT) for tPA administration are associated with worse outcomes after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Studies suggest tPA is safe and effective in young adults, though the effect of age on timeliness of tPA decision making is unknown. In the young adult population, lower frequency of stroke and higher frequency of stroke mimics may lead to DNT delays. We tested the hypothesis that DNT are longer in young adults with AIS. Methods: From 1/2009 to 3/2016, patient demographics and tPA metrics were prospectively collected on all tPA-treated patients at a large, urban academic hospital. Discharge diagnosis (including stroke mimics) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) rates were collected by retrospective chart review. DNT was compared between young (age ≤ 45) and older adults (age > 45) and across four age groups: ≤45, 46-65, 66-85, and ≥86. Univariate analysis evaluated associations between DNT and baseline characteristics (age, race, sex, admission year, onset-to-arrival time, and admission NIHSS), followed by forward stepwise linear regression including variables with P<0.2 on univariate analysis. Results: Of 560 patients treated with tPA, 63 (11%) were age ≤45 and 497 (89%) were age > 45. Mean DNT was 63 minutes in young adults compared to 50 minutes in older adults (P=0.002). Across four age groups, DNTs were longer in young adults (P=0.027, Figure). In multivariable analysis, age ≤45 (P=0.012), lower NIHSS (P=0.006), and more remote admission year (P=0.001) independently predicted longer DNT. Stroke mimics were more frequent in young adults: 32% vs 7% (P<0.001), though mean DNT remained longer in young adults after excluding mimics: 63 vs 49 min (P=0.008). sICH rate was similar in both groups: 0% vs 4.2% (p=0.10). Conclusions: Despite established safety and efficacy of tPA in young adults, we found DNT delays in this population. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding and address age-related disparities in DNT.

scholarly journals Differential brain activity in visuo-perceptual regions during landmark-based navigation in young and healthy older adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Ramanoël ◽  
Marion Durteste ◽  
Marcia Bécu ◽  
Christophe Habas ◽  
Angelo Arleo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Central Visual Field ◽  
Cortical Projection ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

AbstractOlder adults exhibit prominent impairments in their capacity to navigate, reorient in unfamiliar environments or update their path when faced with obstacles. This decline in navigational capabilities has traditionally been ascribed to memory impairments and dysexecutive function whereas the impact of visual aging has often been overlooked. The ability to perceive visuo-spatial information such as salient landmarks is essential to navigate in space efficiently. To date, the functional and neurobiological factors underpinning landmark processing in aging remain insufficiently characterized. To address this issue, this study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the brain activity associated with landmark-based navigation in young and healthy older participants. Twenty-five young adults (μ=25.4 years, σ=4.7; 7F) and twenty-one older adults (μ=73.0 years, σ=3.9; 10F) performed a virtual navigation task in the scanner in which they could only orient using salient landmarks. The underlying whole-brain patterns of activity as well as the functional roles of scene-selective regions, the parahippocampal place area (PPA), the occipital place area (OPA), and the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) were analyzed. We found that older adults’ navigational abilities were diminished compared to young adults’ and that the two age groups relied on distinct navigational strategies to solve the task. Better performance during landmark-based navigation was found to be associated with increased neural activity in an extended neural network comprising several cortical and cerebellar regions. Direct comparisons between age groups further revealed that young participants had enhanced anterior temporal activity. In addition, young adults only were found to recruit occipital areas corresponding to the cortical projection of the central visual field during landmark-based navigation. The region-of-interest analysis revealed increased OPA activation in older adult participants. There were no significant between-group differences in PPA and RSC activations. These results hint at the possibility that aging diminishes fine-grained information processing in occipital and temporal regions thus hindering the capacity to use landmarks adequately for navigation. This work helps towards a better comprehension of the neural dynamics subtending landmark-based navigation and it provides new insights on the impact of age-related visuo-spatial processing changes on navigation capabilities.

scholarly journals Aging and Inhibition of Return to Locations and Objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asenath X. A. Huether ◽  
Linda K. Langley ◽  
Laura E. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Cognitive Mechanism ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Age Patterns

Inhibition of return (IOR) is thought to reflect a cognitive mechanism that biases attention from returning to previously engaged items. While models of cognitive aging have proposed deficits within select inhibitory domains, older adults have demonstrated preserved IOR functioning in previous studies. The present study investigated whether inhibition associated with objects shows the same age patterns as inhibition associated with locations. Young adults (18–22 years) and older adults (60–86 years) were tested in two experiments measuring location- and object-based IOR. Using a dynamic paradigm (Experiment 1), both age groups produced significant location-based IOR, but only young adults produced significant object-based IOR, consistent with previous findings. However, with a static paradigm (Experiment 2), young adults and older adults produced both location- and object-based IOR, indicating that object-based IOR is preserved in older adults under some conditions. The findings provide partial support for unique age-related inhibitory patterns associated with attention to objects and locations.

scholarly journals Media Portrayals of Emerging and Older Adults during COVID-19: Perceptions of Bias Among College Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 602-602
Author(s):  
Taylor Pestritto ◽  
Katherine King ◽  
Mikala Mikrut ◽  
Kirsten Graham
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Media Consumption ◽  
Media Portrayals ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Media ◽  
Qualitative Responses

Abstract This study explores media consumption and perceptions of media bias against both older adults and emerging adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. As part of a larger study, 99 students with a mean age of 20.54 (SD = 2.97) completed an online survey in early 2020. Individuals whose media consumption had increased were significantly more likely to report that young adults have been portrayed worse, and older adults better, since the start of COVID-19. Qualitative responses demonstrated broad awareness of ageist and adultist themes in media portrayals of both age groups, e.g., that young adults are careless and reckless whereas older adults are vulnerable and in need of protection. Results suggest that the media is perceived to be perpetuating age-related biases and may be enhancing intergenerational discord at a time when generational unity is needed.

scholarly journals Age-Related Differences in Head Impact during Experimentally Induced Sideways Falls

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler A. Wood ◽  
Yaejin Moon ◽  
Ruopeng Sun ◽  
Alka Bishnoi ◽  
Jacob J. Sosnoff
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Head Impact ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Head Acceleration ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Risk Of Fall ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Purpose. To examine head impact incidence and head acceleration during experimentally induced falls as a function of age.Methods. 15 young adults (21.2±2.7) and 10 older adults (61.9±4.3 years) underwent 6 experimentally induced sideways falls. Participants fell sideways onto a 20cm crash pad. The number of head impacts was tabulated from video recordings and head acceleration was calculated from motion capture data. A total of 147 falls were analyzed.Results. The young group underwent 88 falls, in which 11.4% resulted in head impact. The older group underwent 59 falls, in which 34.5% resulted in head impact. A proportion analysis revealed older adults had a significantly greater proportion of head impacts than young adults (X2(1) = 11.445, p = 0.001). A two-way ANOVA only revealed a main effect of head impact on acceleration (F(1,142) = 54.342, p<0.001).Conclusion. The older adults experienced a greater proportion of head impacts during sideways falls. Head impact resulted in greater head acceleration compared to no head impact. Collectively, this data highlights the possibility that age-related neuromuscular changes to head control may result in elevated risk of fall-related TBIs. Future research examining mechanisms underlying increases in fall-related head impact is warranted.

scholarly journals Aging Increases Cross-Modal Distraction by Unexpected Sounds: Controlling for Response Speed

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Leiva ◽  
Pilar Andrés ◽  
Fabrice B. R. Parmentier
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Bayesian Estimation ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Age Related ◽  
General Slowing

It is well-established that task-irrelevant sounds deviating from an otherwise predictable auditory sequence capture attention and disrupt ongoing performance by delaying responses in the ongoing task. In visual tasks, larger distraction by unexpected sounds (deviance distraction) has been reported in older than in young adults. However, past studies based this conclusion on the comparisons of absolute response times (RT) and did not control for the general slowing typically observed in older adults. Hence, it remains unclear whether this difference in deviance distraction between the two age groups reflects a genuine effect of aging or a proportional effect of similar size in both groups. We addressed this issue by using a proportional measure of distraction (PMD) to reanalyze the data from four past studies and used Bayesian estimation to generate credible estimates of the age-related difference in deviance distraction and its effect size. The results were unambiguous: older adults exhibited greater deviance distraction than young adults when controlling for baseline response speed (in each individual study and in the combined data set). Bayesian estimation revealed a proportional lengthening of RT by unexpected sounds that was about twice as large in older than in young adults (corresponding to a large statistical effect size). A similar analysis was carried out on the proportion of correct responses (PC) and produced converging results. Finally, an additional Bayesian analysis comparing data from cross-modal and uni-modal studies confirmed the selective effect of aging on distraction in the first and not the second. Overall, our study shows that older adults performing a visual categorization task do exhibit greater distraction by unexpected sounds than young adults and that this effect is not explicable by age-related general slowing.

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