scholarly journals Effects of Exercise Training on Neurotrophic Factors and Subsequent Neuroprotection in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1499
Author(s):  
Mette D. Diechmann ◽  
Evan Campbell ◽  
Elaine Coulter ◽  
Lorna Paul ◽  
Ulrik Dalgas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Induced Changes

Background: Evidence indicates that exercise holds the potential to counteract neurodegeneration experienced by persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), which is in part believed to be mediated through increases in neurotrophic factors. There is a need to summarize the existing evidence on exercise-induced effects on neurotrophic factors alongside neuroprotection in pwMS. Aim: To (1) systematically review the evidence on acute (one session) and/or chronic (several sessions) exercise-induced changes in neurotrophic factors in pwMS and (2) investigate the potential translational link between exercise-induced changes in neurotrophic factors and neuroprotection. Methods: Five databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Sport Discus) were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCT) examining the effects of exercise (all modalities included) on neurotrophic factors as well as measures of neuroprotection if reported. The quality of the study designs and the exercise interventions were assessed by use of the validated tool TESTEX. Results: From N = 337 identified studies, N = 14 RCTs were included. While only N = 2 of the identified studies reported on the acute changes in neurotrophic factors, all N = 14 RCTs reported on the chronic effects, with N = 9 studies revealing between-group differences in favor of exercise. This was most prominent for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), with between-group differences in favor of exercise being observed in N = 6 out of N = 12 studies. Meta-analyses were applicable for three out of 10 different identified neurotrophic factors and revealed that exercise can improve the chronic levels of BDNF (delta changes; N = 9, ES = 0.78 (0.27; 1.28), p = 0.003, heterogeneity between studies) and potentially also ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) (N = 3, ES = 0.24 (−0.07; 0.54), p = 0.13, no heterogeneity between studies) but not nerve growth factor (NGF) (N = 4, ES = 0.28 (−0.55; 1.11), p = 0.51, heterogeneity between studies). Indicators of neuroprotection (e.g., with direct measures of brain structure assessed by MRI) were assessed in N = 3 of the identified studies only, with N = 2 partly supporting and thus indicating a potential translational link between increases in neurotrophic factors and neuroprotection. Conclusion: The present study reveals that exercise can elicit improvements in chronic levels of BDNF in pwMS, whereas the effects of exercise on chronic levels of other neurotrophic factors and on acute levels of neurotrophic factors in general, along with a potential translational link (i.e., with exercise-induced improvements in neurotropic factors being associated with or even mediating neuroprotection), are sparse and inconclusive. There is a need for more high-quality studies that assess neurotrophic factors (applying comparable methods of blood handling and analysis) concomitantly with neuroprotective outcome measures. Review Registration: PROSPERO (ID: CRD42020177353).

scholarly journals Cognitive Benefits of Exercise Interventions: An fMRI Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Yu ◽  
Fabian Herold ◽  
Benjamin Becker ◽  
Ben KluGah-Brown ◽  
Yanjie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

AbstractDespite a growing number of functional MRI studies reporting exercise-induced changes during cognitive processing, a systematic determination of the underlying neurobiological pathways is currently lacking. To this end, our neuroimaging meta-analysis included 20 studies and investigated the influence of exercise on cognition-related functional brain activation. The overall meta-analysis encompassing all experiments revealed exercise-induced changes in the left parietal lobe during cognitive processing. Subgroup analysis further revealed that in the younger-age group (<35 years old) exercise induced more widespread changes in the right hemisphere whereas in the older-age group (≥35 years old) exercise-induced changes were restricted to the left parietal lobe. Furthermore, subgroup analysis for exercise intervention duration, showed that shorter exercise interventions induced changes in regions connected with frontoparietal and default mode networks whereas regions exhibiting effects of longer interventions connected with frontoparietal and dorsal attention networks. Our findings suggest that physical exercise training leads to changes in functional activation patterns primarily located in precuneus and associated with frontoparietal, dorsal attention and default mode networks. Furthermore, exercise-induced changes in functional brain activation varied as a function of age and exercise intervention duration.

scholarly journals The Effects of Acute Cardiovascular Exercise on Memory and Its Associations With Exercise-Induced Increases in Neurotrophic Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Kuhne ◽  
Anna-Maria Ksiezarczyk ◽  
Klaus-Michael Braumann ◽  
Rüdiger Reer ◽  
Thomas Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Cardiovascular Exercise ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Due to increasing life expectancy, low-cost interventions to counteract age-related memory impairment have gained popularity. Physical activity has been shown to positively affect memory and hippocampal plasticity in rodents and humans. These effects have been proposed to be mediated by the release of neurotrophic factors. However, studies examining the effects of a single cardiovascular exercise session on human memory have yielded conflicting results. Moreover, it remains unclear whether exercise-induced memory enhancements are related to changes in peripheral neurotrophic factor concentrations. The present study tested whether one bout of cardiovascular exercise during an early phase of memory consolidation, compared to one bout of stretching and toning, positively affected memory. Furthermore, it was analyzed whether exercise-induced changes in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were related to memory enhancement after a single bout of physical exercise. Fifty healthy participants (20–40 years) were randomly assigned to either a cycling group (BIKE) or a stretching and toning group (STRETCH). Participants performed an implicit vocabulary learning task which was immediately followed by physical exercise. Memory for the learned vocabulary was tested 1–2 weeks later. To measure exercise-induced changes in serum neurotrophic factor levels, blood samples were collected at rest (baseline) and immediately after the exercise session. Results did not show a significant difference in memory between the BIKE group and the STRETCH group. However, in the BIKE group, a larger increase in BDNF and VEGF levels was observed than in the STRETCH group. Moreover, the increase in BDNF and memory performance tended to be positively related in the BIKE group. We speculate that the correlation between exercise-increased BDNF levels and memory in the cycling group may indicate an involvement of BDNF in mediating memory processes after acute cardiovascular exercise.

scholarly journals Which exercise and behavioural interventions show most promise for treating fatigue in multiple sclerosis? A network meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 135245852199600
Author(s):  
Anthony M Harrison ◽  
Reza Safari ◽  
Tom Mercer ◽  
Federica Picariello ◽  
Marietta L van der Linden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Behavioural Intervention ◽  
Behavioural Interventions ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Combined Exercise ◽  
Balance Exercise ◽  
Behavioural Therapies ◽  
Meta Analyses

Background: Fatigue is a common, debilitating symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) without a current standardised treatment. Objective: The aim of this systematic review with network meta-analyses was to estimate the relative effectiveness of both fatigue-targeted and non-targeted exercise, behavioural and combined (behavioural and exercise) interventions. Methods: Nine electronic databases up to August 2018 were searched, and 113 trials ( n = 6909) were included: 34 were fatigue-targeted and 79 non-fatigue-targeted trials. Intervention characteristics were extracted using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication guidelines. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Pairwise meta-analyses showed that exercise interventions demonstrated moderate to large effects across subtypes regardless of treatment target, with the largest effect for balance exercise (SMD = 0.84). Cognitive behavioural therapies (CBTs) showed moderate to large effects (SMD = 0.60), with fatigue-targeted treatments showing larger effects than those targeting distress. Network meta-analysis showed that balance exercise performed significantly better compared to other exercise and behavioural intervention subtypes, except CBT. CBT was estimated to be superior to energy conservation and other behavioural interventions. Combined exercise also had a moderate to large effect. Conclusion: Treatment recommendations for balance and combined exercise are tentative as the certainty of the evidence was moderate. The certainty of the evidence for CBT was high.

The influence of vigorous aerobic exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and estradiol in young, healthy women as a function of the menstrual cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ahmad ◽  
Rodney Hansen ◽  
Matthew Schmolesky
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Cycle Exercise ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Serum Bdnf

AbstractResearch suggests strong inter-relationships between physical exercise, levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), levels of estrogen, and the menstrual cycle, and yet no single study has examined these factors collectively in humans. The current study assessed the effect of an acute bout of vigorous aerobic exercise (20 minutes of stationary cycling at 80% of heart rate reserve) on serum BDNF and estradiol in healthy, eumenorrheic women, ages 18-28. In addition, this study determined whether basal BDNF or the exercise-induced increase in BDNF varies throughout the menstrual cycle. Thirty-four subjects were assigned to an experimental (n = 27) or control condition (n = 7). Exercise transiently increased both estradiol (51.2%) and BDNF (23.6%), and basal levels of BDNF and estradiol predicted the magnitude of the exercise-induced increases. Basal BDNF did not vary significantly throughout the menstrual cycle. Exercise-induced changes in BDNF did not correlate with menstrual cycle day or basal estradiol. Basal estradiol and basal BDNF showed a marginally significant positive correlation. Taken together, these results indicate that brief, vigorous aerobic exercise is sufficient to elevate both BDNF and estradiol in healthy women and that the menstrual cycle dramatically influences the magnitude of exercise-induced changes in estradiol, but not BDNF

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Vestibular Training for Balance and Dizziness Rehabilitation in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina García-Muñoz ◽  
María-Dolores Cortés-Vega ◽  
Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo ◽  
Rocío Martín-Valero ◽  
María-Isabel García-Bernal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Vestibular Rehabilitation ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Balance Development ◽  
Evidence Database ◽  
Experimental Group

Postural instability and dizziness are commonly observed in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for the use of vestibular rehabilitation, in comparison with other exercise interventions or no intervention, to treat balance impairments and dizziness in PwMS. An electronic search was conducted by two independent reviewers in the following databases: MEDLINE (Pubmed), Scopus, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Web of Science (WOS), Lilacs, CINHAL and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR). A quality assessment was performed using the PEDro scale and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. When possible, the data were pooled in a meta-analysis (95%CI). This systematic review followed the PRISMA guideline statement and was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42019134230). Seven studies were included, with a total of 321 participants analysed. Compared with no intervention, vestibular rehabilitation was more effective for balance development (SMD = 2.12; 95% CI = 0.49, 3.75; p = 0.01; I2 = 89%) and dizziness symptoms improvement (SMD = −17.43; 95% CI = −29.99, −4.87; p= 0.007; I2= 66%). Compared with other exercise interventions, improvements in favour of the experimental group were observed, but statistical significance for the differences between groups was not reached.

scholarly journals The comparative effectiveness of physical exercise interventions in individuals with chronic non-specific neck pain: protocol for a network meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e034846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rutger MJ de Zoete ◽  
James H McAuley ◽  
Nigel R Armfield ◽  
Michele Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Neck Pain ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Network Effect ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Meta Analyses

IntroductionNeck pain is a global burdensome problem, with a large proportion of neck pain cases becoming chronic. Although physical exercise is a commonly prescribed treatment, the evidence on the effectiveness of isolated exercise interventions remains limited. Traditional pairwise randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses are limited in only comparing two interventions. This protocol describes the design of a network meta-analysis, which enables a comparative investigation of all physical exercise interventions for which RCTs are available. We aim to systematically compare the effectiveness of different types of physical exercise in people with chronic non-specific neck pain.Methods and analysisNine electronic databases (AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, PsycINFO, Scopus and SPORTDiscus) were searched for RCTs from inception to 12 March 2019. Titles and abstract firstly, and full-text papers secondly, will be screened by two reviewers. Data will be extracted by two reviewers. The primary outcome measure is effectiveness of the intervention. Methodological quality of included studies will be assessed by two reviewers using the PEDro scale. The overall quality of evidence will be assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, which has been adapted for network meta-analyses. The available evidence will be summarised using a network diagram. A contribution matrix will be presented to allow assessment of direct and indirect evidence. Forest plots will be constructed to visualise effects of all included exercise interventions. Pairwise effect sizes will be calculated by including all evidence available in the network. Effect measures for treatments that have not been compared in a pairwise RCT can be compared indirectly by contrasting effect sizes of comparisons with a common comparator.Ethics and disseminationThis work synthesises evidence from previously published studies and does not require ethics review or approval. A manuscript describing the findings will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019126523.

Is Disgust Proneness Associated With Anxiety and Related Disorders? A Qualitative Review and Meta-Analysis of Group Comparison and Correlational Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bunmi O. Olatunji ◽  
Thomas Armstrong ◽  
Lisa Elwood
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Related Disorder ◽  
Correlational Data ◽  
Disgust Proneness ◽  
Meta Analyses

Research suggests that disgust may be linked to the etiology of some anxiety-related disorders. The present investigation reviews this literature and employs separate meta-analyses of clinical group comparison and correlational studies to examine the association between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms. Meta-analysis of 43 group comparison studies revealed those high in anxiety disorder symptoms reported significantly more disgust proneness than those low in anxiety symptoms. Although this effect was not moderated by clinical versus analogue studies or type of disorder, larger group differences were observed for those high in anxiety symptoms associated with contagion concerns compared to those high in anxiety symptoms not associated with contagion concerns. Similarly, meta-analysis of correlational data across 83 samples revealed moderate associations between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms. Moderator analysis revealed that the association between disgust proneness and anxiety-related disorder symptoms was especially robust for anxiety symptoms associated with contagion concerns. After controlling for measures of negative affect, disgust proneness continued to be moderately correlated with anxiety-related disorder symptoms. However, negative affect was no longer significantly associated with symptoms of anxiety-related disorders when controlling for disgust proneness. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of a novel transdiagnostic model.

Reactive Balance Adaptability and Retention in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 675-685
Author(s):  
Mohamed Suhair Bin Mohamed Suhaimy ◽  
Yoshiro Okubo ◽  
Phu D. Hoang ◽  
Stephen R. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Functional Impairments ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Reactive Balance

Aim. To compare reactive balance in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) with healthy controls and to examine the ability of people with MS to adapt their reactive balance and retain training effects. Data Sources. Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO) and reference lists of included articles from inception to February 25, 2019. Study Selection. Case-control and intervention studies that assessed reactive balance using mechanical perturbations in people with a confirmed diagnosis of MS. Results. Meta-analyses of 9 studies (n = 342) showed that people with MS have significantly worse reactive balance than healthy controls (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.78, 95% CI 0.44-1.11, P < .0001, I2 = 47%). Specifically, people with MS have greater center of mass displacements (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.05-0.77, P = .02, I2 = 9%) and longer response times (MD (ms) 31.45, 95% CI 19.91-42.98, P < .0001, I2 = 75%) in response to standing perturbations than healthy controls. Subsequent meta-analyses revealed training comprising repeated exposure to perturbations improved response times ( P < .001) and training effects on response times could be retained for 24 hours ( P < .001) in people with MS. Conclusions. Reactive balance assessments can highlight functional impairments related to falls in people with MS, and perturbation training can acutely improve reactive balance control and such improvements can be retained for 24 hours in this population. Systematic review registration number: CRD42019126130.

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