Background
When perfused neonatal brain slices are studied ex vivo with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, it is possible to use 31P detection to monitor levels of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), cytosolic pH, and other high-energy phosphates and 1H detection to monitor lactate and glutamate. Adult brain slices of high metabolic integrity are more difficult to obtain for such studies, because the adult cranium is thicker, and postdecapitation revival time is shorter. A common clinical anesthesia phenomenon--loss of temperature regulation during anesthesia, with surface cooling and deep hypothermia, was used to obtain high-quality adult rat cerebrocortical slices for NMR studies.
Methods
Spontaneously breathing adult rats (350 g), anesthetized with isoflurane in a chamber, were packed in ice and cooled until rectal temperatures decreased to approximately 30 degrees C. An intraaortic injection of heparinized saline at 4 degrees C further cooled the brain to approximately 18 degrees C. Slices were obtained and then recovered at 37 degrees C in oxygenated medium. Interleaved 31P/1H NMR spectra were acquired continually before, during, and after 20 min of no-flow hypoxia (PO2 approximately 0 mmHg). Histologic (Nissl stain) measurements were made from random slices removed at different times in the protocol. Three types of pretreatment were compared in no-flow hypoxia studies. The treatments were: (1) hyperoxia; (2) hypercapnia (50% CO2); and (3) hypoxia, which was accomplished by washing the slices with perfusate equilibrated with 100% N2 and maintaining a 100% N2 gas flow in the air space above the perfusate.
Results
During hyperoxia, 31P NMR metabolite ratios were identical to those seen in vivo in adult brains, except that, in vitro, the Pi peak was slightly larger than in vivo. A lactate peak was seen in in vitro 1H spectra of slices after metabolic recovery from decapitation, although lactate is barely detectable in vivo in healthy brains. The in vitro lactate peak was attributed to a small population of metabolically impaired cells in an injury layer at the cut edge. NMR spectral resolution from the solenoidal coil exceeded that obtained in vivo in surface coil experiments. Phosphocreatine and ATP became undetectable during oxygen deprivation, which also caused a three- to sixfold increase in the ratio of lactate to N-acetyl-aspartate. Within experimental error, all metabolite concentrations except pHi recovered to control values within 2 h after oxygen restoration. Nissl-stained sections suggested that pretreatment with hypercapnia protected neurons from cell swelling during the brief period of no-flow oxygen deprivation.
Conclusions
Perfused, respiring adult brain slices having intact metabolic function can be obtained for NMR spectroscopy studies. Such studies have higher spectral resolution than can be obtained in vivo. During such NMR experiments, one can deliver drugs or molecular probes to brain cells and obtain brain tissue specimens for histologic and immunochemical measures of injury. Important ex vivo NMR spectroscopy studies that are difficult or impossible to perform in vivo are feasible in this model.
Direct Current Stimulation in Cell Culture Systems and Brain Slices—New Approaches for Mechanistic Evaluation of Neuronal Plasticity and Neuromodulation: State of the Art