scholarly journals Cellular Model of Endotoxin Tolerance in Astrocytes: Role of Interleukin 10 and Oxylipins

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Chistyakov ◽  
Alina A. Astakhova ◽  
Nadezda V. Azbukina ◽  
Sergei V. Goriainov ◽  
Viktor V. Chistyakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Endotoxin Tolerance ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Endotoxin Challenge ◽  
Protein Levels

A phenomenon of endotoxin tolerance where prior exposure of cells to minute amounts of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes them to become refractory to a subsequent high-amount endotoxin challenge is well described for innate immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages, but it is still obscure for brain cells. We exposed primary rat cortical astrocytes to a long-term low-grade concentration of LPS, followed by stimulation with a middle-grade concentration of LPS. Inflammatory markers, i.e., pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, inducible enzymes COX-2 and iNOS, anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) detected at the mRNA and protein levels reveal similarities between astrocytes and macrophages in the model, i.e., tolerance in pro-inflammatory markers and priming in IL-10. Long-term or short-term treatment with IL-10 does not change cell sensitivity for LPS, which makes doubtful its involvement in the mechanisms of cell tolerance development. Significant changes occur in the oxylipin profiles measured by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. The priming occurs in the following compounds: 11-HETE, PGD2, PGE2, cyclopentenone prostaglandins, and TXB2. Tolerance is observed for 12-HHT, PGF2α, and 6-keto-PGF1α. As far as we know, this is the first report on changes in oxylipin profiles in the endotoxin tolerance model. The data can greatly improve the understanding of oxylipins’ role in inflammatory and resolution processes in the brain and mechanisms of astrocyte involvement in neuroinflammation.

Anticancer Effects & Comparative Study of Thymoquinone, Cordyceps, Spirulina, Ganoderma Lucidium, Poria Cocos, and Lion’s Mane on Human Nasal Cancer Cells (RPMI-2650)

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
سعيد مزعل موازي ◽  
يحيى فائق حسين ◽  
عبد المنعم دولاني ◽  
سيف يوسف عبدالله السويدي
Keyword(s):  
Term Treatment ◽  
Epithelial Cell Line ◽  
Anticancer Effect ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Poria Cocos ◽  
Nasal Cancer ◽  
Antineoplastic Effect ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
High Concentrations

Recently, many studies have been conducted to discover or improve cancers treatment. The current study aims to investigate the anticancer effect of thymoquinone, cordyceps, spirulina, ganoderma lucidium, poria cocos, and lion’s mane in four different concentrations 4, 8, 16, and 32 ug (equivalent to 1 mg/mL) in two different time treatments (48 and 96 hours) on human nasal epithelial cell line RPMI 2650. By using cell culture cytotoxicity techniques and assay, the highest anticancer effect on RPMI 2650 was obtained by thymoquinone. The lowest anticancer effect was demonstrated by poria cocos and cordyceps. However, these two medications showed higher anticancer effect when given in short-term treatment (48 hours) compared to long-term treatment (96 hours). Ganoderma lucidium and spirulina showed better impact than poria cocos, cordyceps, and lion’s mane in term of cells cytotoxicity. Mild to moderate antineoplastic effect was seen by utilizing lion’s mane treatment compared other drugs. Therefore, adopting a long-term treatment of high concentrations and doses of thymoquinone, cordyceps, spirulina, ganoderma lucidium, poria cocos, and lion’s mane can be more effective in the treatment of nasal cancer. In conclusion, these drugs were found to be a promising cancer remedy; therefore, they can be utilized as alternative treatment for nasal cancer or any other type of cancer therapy.

scholarly journals The effect of long-term treatment with steroid hormones or tamoxifen on oestrogen receptors (alpha and beta) in the endometrium of ovariectomized cynomolgus macaques

2002 ◽  
Vol 175 (3) ◽  
pp. 673-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Wang ◽  
E Isaksson ◽  
B Von Schoultz ◽  
JM Cline ◽  
L Sahlin
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Oestrogen Receptors ◽  
Minor Variation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Er Alpha

The effects of oestrogen are mediated by two specific intracellular receptors, oestrogen receptors (ER) alpha and beta, which function as ligand-activated transcriptional regulators. Ovariectomized macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were used to study the regulation of ERalpha and ERbeta in the endometrium by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization after long-term hormone treatment. Animals were treated continuously for 35 Months with either conjugated equine oestrogen (CEE), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), combined CEE/MPA, or tamoxifen (TAM). Treatment with CEE/MPA down-regulated ERalpha in the superficial glands. In the superficial stroma the ERalpha level was lower in the CEE/MPA group than in the CEE and MPA groups. ERbeta immunostaining was faint with minor variation in response to treatment, but increased in the superficial stroma after MPA treatment. The ratio of ERbeta/ERalpha increased in superficial stroma and gland after CEE/MPA treatment, and also in stroma after MPA and TAM. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia was observed in TAM-treated animals, in combination with a high level of ERalpha protein expression. The present data show that long-term hormone treatment affects the ERalpha and ERbeta protein levels in the endometrium. The balance between ERalpha and ERbeta seems to be important for the proliferative response to oestrogen.

Fluvoxamine in the Treatment of Trichotillomania: An 8-Week, Open-Label Study

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Christenson ◽  
Scott J. Crow ◽  
James E. Mitchell ◽  
Thomas B. Mackenzie ◽  
Ross D. Crosby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Hair Pulling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Open Label Study ◽  
Label Study ◽  
Long Term Treatment

AbstractThis short-term, open-label study investigates short- and long-term effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluvoxamine for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM). Additionally, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the presence of hair pulling compulsiveness is predictive of SSRI response. Nineteen subjects meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition Revised, (DSM-III-R) criteria for TTM were treated with fluvoxamine at doses up to 300 mg/day. Random regression analysis of change across time for patients who completed the study (n=14) and those who dropped out (n=5) revealed statistically significant improvements in Physician Rating Scale, hair-pulling episodes, Trichotillomania Impairment Scale, and Trichotillomania Symptom Severity Scale, but not in estimated amount of hair pulled. In addition, the percentage of patients' focused or compulsive hair-pulling symptoms was predictive of treatment response. Unfortunately, all three subjects who entered long-term treatment displayed substantial movement back toward baseline by the end of 6 months. We concluded that fluvoxamine produces moderate reductions in symptoms during the short-term treatment of TTM and that the presence of focused or compulsive hair pulling may be predictive of treatment response. However, responses may be short lived when treatment is extended.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial and Oxidative Impacts of Short and Long-term Administration of HAART on HIV Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-124
Author(s):  
Joy E. Ikekpeazu ◽  
Oliver C. Orji ◽  
Ikenna K. Uchendu ◽  
Lawrence U.S. Ezeanyika
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
One Year

Background and Objective: There may be a possible link between the use of HAART and oxidative stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV patients. We evaluated the mitochondrial and oxidative impacts of short and long-term administration of HAART on HIV patients attending the Enugu State University Teaching (ESUT) Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria following short and long-term therapy. Methods: 96 patients categorized into four groups of 24 individuals were recruited for the study. Group 1 comprised of age-matched, apparently healthy, sero-negative individuals (the No HIV group); group 2 consisted of HIV sero-positive individuals who had not started any form of treatment (the Treatment naïve group). Individuals in group 3 were known HIV patients on HAART for less than one year (Short-term treatment group), while group 4 comprised of HIV patients on HAART for more than one year (Long-term treatment group). All patients were aged between 18 to 60 years and attended the HIV clinic at the time of the study. Determination of total antioxidant status (TAS in nmol/l), malondialdehyde (MDA in mmol/l), CD4+ count in cells/μl, and genomic studies were all done using standard operative procedures. Results: We found that the long-term treatment group had significantly raised the levels of MDA, as well as significantly diminished TAS compared to the Short-term treatment and No HIV groups (P<0.05). In addition, there was significantly elevated variation in the copy number of mitochondrial genes (mtDNA: D-loop, ATPase 8, TRNALEU uur) in the long-term treatment group. Interpretation and Conclusion: Long-term treatment with HAART increases oxidative stress and causes mitochondrial alterations in HIV patients.

scholarly journals Long-term recurrence of venous thromboembolism after short-term treatment of symptomatic isolated distal deep vein thrombosis: A cohort study

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 518-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco P Donadini ◽  
Francesco Dentali ◽  
Samuela Pegoraro ◽  
Fulvio Pomero ◽  
Chiara Brignone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Recurrent Vte ◽  
Deep Vein

Isolated distal deep vein thrombosis (IDDVT) is a common clinical manifestation of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, there are only scant and heterogeneous data available on the long-term risk of recurrent VTE after IDDVT, and the optimal therapeutic management remains uncertain. We carried out a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients diagnosed with symptomatic IDDVT between 2004 and 2011, according to a predefined short-term treatment protocol (low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for 4–6 weeks). The primary outcome was the occurrence of recurrent VTE. A total of 321 patients were enrolled. IDDVT was associated with a transient risk factor or cancer in 165 (51.4%) and 56 (17.4%) patients, respectively. LMWH was administered for 4–6 weeks to 280 patients (87.2%), who were included in the primary analysis. Overall, during a mean follow-up of 42.3 months, 42 patients (15%) developed recurrent VTE, which occurred as proximal DVT or PE in 21 cases. The recurrence rate of VTE per 100 patient-years was 3.5 in patients with transient risk factors, 7.2 in patients with unprovoked IDDVT, and 5.9 in patients with cancer ( p=0.018). At multivariable analysis, unprovoked IDDVT and previous VTE were significantly associated with recurrent VTE (HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.12–4.16 and HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.01–3.86, respectively). In conclusion, the long-term risk of recurrent VTE after IDDVT treated for 4–6 weeks is not negligible, in particular in patients with unprovoked IDDVT or cancer. Further studies are needed to clarify whether a longer, but definite treatment duration effectively prevents these recurrences.

scholarly journals Zolpidem dependence in an adult with bipolar affective disorder and epilepsy: A case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. e100102
Author(s):  
Sujita Kumar Kar ◽  
Suyash Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Severe Withdrawal ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
Hypnotic Agent

Zolpidem is a short-acting non-benzodiazepine hypnotic agent, commonly recommended for short-term treatment of insomnia. Zolpidem has less dependence potential than benzodiazepines. Patients with mental illnesses often have disturbed sleep, for which zolpidem is often prescribed. Long-term use and self-medication (in more than recommended doses) are more likely to cause dependence. We report here a case of bipolar affective disorder with epilepsy, who developed dependence to zolpidem and had severe withdrawal symptoms. The management issues are also discussed with review of the literature.

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