scholarly journals Plant Cell Wall Changes in Common Wheat Roots as a Result of Their Interaction with Beneficial Fungi of Trichoderma

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2319
Author(s):  
Aneta Basińska-Barczak ◽  
Lidia Błaszczyk ◽  
Kinga Szentner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Defense Strategies

Plant cell walls play an important role in shaping the defense strategies of plants. This research demonstrates the influence of two differentiators: the lifestyle and properties of the Trichoderma species on cell wall changes in common wheat seedlings. The methodologies used in this investigation include microscopy observations and immunodetection. In this study was shown that the plant cell wall was altered due to its interaction with Trichoderma. The accumulation of lignins and reorganization of pectin were observed. The immunocytochemistry indicated that low methyl-esterified pectins appeared in intercellular spaces. Moreover, it was found that the arabinogalactan protein epitope JIM14 can play a role in the interaction of wheat roots with both the tested Trichoderma strains. Nevertheless, we postulate that modifications, such as the appearance of lignins, rearrangement of low methyl-esterified pectins, and arabinogalactan proteins due to the interaction with Trichoderma show that tested strains can be potentially used in wheat seedlings protection to pathogens.

scholarly journals Plant Cell Wall Hydration and Plant Physiology: An Exploration of the Consequences of Direct Effects of Water Deficit on the Plant Cell Wall

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
David Stuart Thompson ◽  
Azharul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Bacterial Cellulose ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Cellulose Composites

The extensibility of synthetic polymers is routinely modulated by the addition of lower molecular weight spacing molecules known as plasticizers, and there is some evidence that water may have similar effects on plant cell walls. Furthermore, it appears that changes in wall hydration could affect wall behavior to a degree that seems likely to have physiological consequences at water potentials that many plants would experience under field conditions. Osmotica large enough to be excluded from plant cell walls and bacterial cellulose composites with other cell wall polysaccharides were used to alter their water content and to demonstrate that the relationship between water potential and degree of hydration of these materials is affected by their composition. Additionally, it was found that expansins facilitate rehydration of bacterial cellulose and cellulose composites and cause swelling of plant cell wall fragments in suspension and that these responses are also affected by polysaccharide composition. Given these observations, it seems probable that plant environmental responses include measures to regulate cell wall water content or mitigate the consequences of changes in wall hydration and that it may be possible to exploit such mechanisms to improve crop resilience.

scholarly journals A Label-free, Fast and High-specificity Technique for Plant Cell Wall Imaging and Composition Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Yuanzhen Suo ◽  
Yayu Guo ◽  
Yi Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Wall Imaging

Abstract Background: Cell wall imaging can considerably permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide the detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which is imperative to better exploit and use the biomass polymers; however, detailed imaging and quantifying of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging.Results: Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering microscopy (CRS), including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which images the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. The major steps of the procedure are demonstrated, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach, which will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls.Conclusions: This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

scholarly journals Plasmodesmata-Related Structural and Functional Proteins: The Long Sought-After Secrets of a Cytoplasmic Channel in Plant Cell Walls

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Han ◽  
Li-Jun Huang ◽  
Dan Feng ◽  
Wenhan Jiang ◽  
Wenzhuo Miu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Organelles

Plant cells are separated by cellulose cell walls that impede direct cell-to-cell contact. In order to facilitate intercellular communication, plant cells develop unique cell-wall-spanning structures termed plasmodesmata (PD). PD are membranous channels that link the cytoplasm, plasma membranes, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells to provide cytoplasmic and membrane continuity for molecular trafficking. PD play important roles for the development and physiology of all plants. The structure and function of PD in the plant cell walls are highly dynamic and tightly regulated. Despite their importance, plasmodesmata are among the few plant cell organelles that remain poorly understood. The molecular properties of PD seem largely elusive or speculative. In this review, we firstly describe the general PD structure and its protein composition. We then discuss the recent progress in identification and characterization of PD-associated plant cell-wall proteins that regulate PD function, with particular emphasis on callose metabolizing and binding proteins, and protein kinases targeted to and around PD.

Effects of lasalocid and cationomycin on the digestion of plant cell walls in sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Bogaert ◽  
L. Gomez ◽  
J. P. Jouany
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Flow Measurements

The effect of lasalocid and cationomycin on plant cell wall digestion was tested in a Latin square design experiment over three periods on six adult sheep fed three diets: a control diet (T) without antibiotics, a diet (L) with 33 mg kg−1 of lasalocid, and a diet (C) with 33 mg kg−1 of cationomycin. The dry matter and plant cell wall digestibilities were not affected by the addition of antibiotics. The digestive flow measurements at the duodenum showed that the antibiotic had no effect on the apparent digestion of dry matter, organic matter and plant cell walls along the digestive tract. This was confirmed by the in sacco feed and pure cellulose rumen degradation measurements. Lasalocid, however, decreased the true digestion of feed dry matter in the rumen, as shown by the duodenal flow measurements after being corrected for microbial dry matter. Compared with the control diet, diets (L) and (C) increased the propionate percentage in the rumen VFA mixture (T = 14.9, L = 19.4, C = 18.9) and decreased acetate (T = 66.1, L = 63.8, C = 65.7) and butyrate (T = 14.1, L = 12.7, C = 11.7) percentages. The addition of antibiotics decreased the rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration by 14%. The CO2 to CH4 ratio in the gas mixture was, however, not statistically modified, and no ionophore effect was observed on the protozoa mean population. Key words: Lasalocid, cationomycin, digestion, cell wall carbohydrates, sheep, rumen

scholarly journals Assessing Comparative Microbiome Performance in Plant Cell Wall Deconstruction Using Multi-omics-Informed Network Analysis

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Tom ◽  
Martina Aulitto ◽  
Yu-Wei Wu ◽  
Yu W Gao ◽  
Kai Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Biomass Loss ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L

Plant cell walls are interwoven structures recalcitrant to degradation. Both native and adapted microbiomes are particularly effective at plant cell wall deconstruction. Studying these deconstructive microbiomes provides an opportunity to assess microbiome performance and relate it to specific microbial populations and enzymes. To establish a system assessing comparative microbiome performance, parallel microbiomes were cultivated on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) from compost inocula. Biomass loss and biochemical assays indicated that these microbiomes diverged in their ability to deconstruct biomass. Network reconstructions from time-dependent gene expression identified key deconstructive groups within the adapted sorghum-degrading communities, including Actinotalea, Filomicrobium, and Gemmanimonadetes populations. Functional analysis of gene expression demonstrated that the microbiomes proceeded through successional stages that are linked to enzymes that deconstruct plant cell wall polymers. This combination of network and functional analysis highlighted the importance of cellulose-active Actinobacteria in differentiating the performance of these microbiomes.

scholarly journals A label-free, fast and high-specificity technique for plant cell wall imaging and composition analysis

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhao ◽  
Yuanzhen Suo ◽  
Yayu Guo ◽  
Yi Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Wall Imaging

Abstract Background New cell wall imaging tools permit direct visualization of the molecular architecture of cell walls and provide detailed chemical information on wall polymers, which will aid efforts to use these polymers in multiple applications; however, detailed imaging and quantification of the native composition and architecture in the cell wall remains challenging. Results Here, we describe a label-free imaging technology, coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy, including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, which can be used to visualize the major structures and chemical composition of plant cell walls. We outline the major steps of the procedure, including sample preparation, setting the mapping parameters, analysis of spectral data, and image generation. Applying this rapid approach will help researchers understand the highly heterogeneous structures and organization of plant cell walls. Conclusions This method can potentially be incorporated into label-free microanalyses of plant cell wall chemical composition based on the in situ vibrations of molecules.

scholarly journals Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 2049-2077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Gigli-Bisceglia ◽  
Timo Engelsdorf ◽  
Thorsten Hamann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Wall Integrity ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Maintenance Mechanism ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Composition And Structure

AbstractThe walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.

scholarly journals Determination of Subunit Composition of Clostridium cellulovorans Cellulosomes That Degrade Plant Cell Walls

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1610-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Murashima ◽  
Akihiko Kosugi ◽  
Roy H. Doi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Scaffolding Protein ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Clostridium Cellulovorans ◽  
Plant Cell Wall Degradation

ABSTRACT Clostridium cellulovorans produces a cellulase enzyme complex (cellulosome). In this study, we isolated two plant cell wall-degrading cellulosomal fractions from culture supernatant of C. cellulovorans and determined their subunit compositions and enzymatic activities. One of the cellulosomal fractions showed fourfold-higher plant cell wall-degrading activity than the other. Both cellulosomal fractions contained the same nine subunits (the scaffolding protein CbpA, endoglucanases EngE and EngK, cellobiohydrolase ExgS, xylanase XynA, mannanase ManA, and three unknown proteins), although the relative amounts of the subunits differed. Since only cellobiose was released from plant cell walls by the cellulosomal fractions, cellobiohydrolases were considered to be key enzymes for plant cell wall degradation.

scholarly journals Plant Cell Wall Proteins and Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 2731
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Jamet ◽  
Christophe Dunand
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Wall Proteins ◽  
Plant Cell Walls

Plant cell walls surround cells and provide both external protection and a means of cell-to-cell communication [...]

The toughness of plant cell walls

1995 ◽  
Vol 348 (1325) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
A Value ◽  
Cracking Process

All plant tissues and plant-based materials are composites and therefore, during standard fracture mechanics tests, cracks within them tend to arrest and deflect because of crack-stopping mechanisms at cell boundaries or in air-spaces. Due to this change of direction cracks do not cross the toughest structures, frustrating both their measurement and the understanding of the cracking process. Accordingly, there are no accurate values for the toughness of plant cell walls. We have attempted to solve this problem here by driving the crack with blades. We show from cutting experiments on twenty individual plant tissues and plant-based materials that the intrinsic toughness of plant cell wall, independent of cell form, is between 3.4—4.2 kj m -2 ; for any tissue it is directly proportional to the volume fraction that the cell wall occupies. Plastic work, which is dependent on cellular geometry, can increase toughness to a value of at least 30 kj m -2 in woody tissues, but this capacity is probably not linearly related to cell wall volume fraction.

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