scholarly journals Empirical Coastal Atmospheric Corrosion of Masonry Metal Wall Ties

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-665
Author(s):  
Igor A. Chaves ◽  
Sean de Prazer ◽  
Barbara Jardim do Nascimento ◽  
Gregory Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Structural Response ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Building Assessment ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Metal Wall

Not counting domestic dwellings, it has been estimated that in Australia alone, some tens of thousands of masonry buildings and structures have exceeded their design life, with many of these being at risk of partial (or worse) collapse from falling or dislodged masonry. This has significant implications for human life but also for the urban environment and economic health of building owners, managers, and insurers and for local and national economies. This risk can mainly be attributed to the slow deterioration of masonry under atmospheric and other environments and the corrosion of so-called wall ties. Wall ties are relatively thin pieces of steel that tie the outer leaf of masonry walls to the stabilized inner leaf. The problem is likely severe for scenarios such as cyclonic and earthquake events, as they cause area-wide damage and the potential wide-spread loss of human life—losses that could be prevented by timely intervention. This paper reports on the in situ inspection of two case study buildings and the data obtained from controlled wall tie corrosion field trials, which are used to develop predictive models of structural response. These models will inform practical tools that will be developed for building assessment, cost-effective monitoring, and rectification, assisting in the management of existing masonry buildings.

Sustainability Study of In-situ Hydroponic Vetiver System for Urban Wastewater Management in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Kaushik Ghosh ◽  
Arup Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Urban wastewater management is a crucial challenge in the small and medium towns situated in the developing countries worldwide. These towns are also facing an increasing gap between infrastructure and population growth. A conventional approach to curb these problems is the application of cost-intensive electro-mechanical sewerage technologies, as adopted in developed countries. The first part of this paper derives a set of indicators to framework a sustainable urban wastewater treatment system by reviewing the current state of wastewater management in developing countries, for example, the sample case study being India. The second part evaluates the potential performance of the proposed alternative in-situ hydroponic vetiver system (HVS) against those set of sustainability indicators by reviewing the worldwide performance of the HVS. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential viability of the HVS as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for developing countries. The current analysis can aid in mainstreaming the use of HVS in policy making and urban planning.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Typological Characterization of Traditional Stone Masonry Walls in Old Urban Centres: A Case Study in Viseu, Portugal

Buildings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carlos Domingues ◽  
Tiago Miguel Ferreira ◽  
Romeu Vicente ◽  
João Negrão
Keyword(s):  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
In Situ Characterization

Essential for any intervention in existing buildings, a thorough knowledge of both structural and material characteristics is even more important in the case of traditional stone masonry buildings, due both to the variability of this technology’s properties and the degradation buildings might have sustained. In Portugal, a number of in situ and laboratory experimental campaigns has allowed us in recent years to expand the knowledge on the mechanical properties of stone masonry walls. Nevertheless, the existence of different wall typologies built with the same material necessitates that this characterization takes into account the various regional constructive cultures. This paper presents the results obtained through an in-situ characterization campaign carried out in the old urban center of Viseu, for which there is no information available in the literature. Granite stone masonry walls of two different buildings were analyzed and characterized considering their geometrical and material features, contributing to the identification of stone masonry typologies present in the city’s old urban center. Flat-jack testing yielded resistance and deformability parameters to be used both in safety evaluation and intervention design. The properties obtained can be said to be consistent with those deriving from other experimental campaigns, conducted in granite walls of different typologies, throughout the country. Simultaneously, relevant conclusions about the use of flat-jacks to characterize this type of stone masonry were drawn.

Health Monitoring of Medieval Masonry Towers by an Acoustic Emission Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 817 ◽  
pp. 586-593
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Lacidogna ◽  
Gianni Niccolini ◽  
Alberto Carpinteri
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Masonry Wall ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Earthquake Occurrence ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Natural Time ◽  
Non Destructive

Non-destructive tests were performed to assess cracking evolution in two medieval masonry buildings, Sineo and Asinelli towers rising respectively in the Cities of Alba and Bologna, in Italy. As regards the case study of Alba, in situ compressive flat-jack tests on small-sized elements of the tower were conducted in conjunction with acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. At the same time, crack patterns taking place in large volumes of the tower were likewise monitored through the AE technique.As for the case study of Bologna, a masonry wall of the Asinelli tower was monitored during a period of intense seismic activity. The observed correlation between the AE activity in the monitored structural element and local earthquakes points out a significant dependence of deterioration processes in the tower on the action of nearby earthquakes.In both cases, the trends of two evolutionary parameters, the b-value and the natural time (NT) variance κ1, were derived from the AE time series to identify the approach of the monitored structures to a critical state in relation to the earthquake occurrence.

scholarly journals Assessment and Rehabilitation of Culturally Protected Prince Rudolf Infantry Barracks in Zagreb after Major Earthquake

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Mija Milić ◽  
Mislav Stepinac ◽  
Luka Lulić ◽  
Nataša Ivanišević ◽  
Ivan Matorić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Analysis ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Heritage Protection ◽  
Observed Damage

Recently, Zagreb was struck by a strong earthquake. Damage throughout the city was tremendous due to numerous aged and vulnerable masonry buildings. Many damaged buildings are under a certain level of cultural heritage protection. Hence, reliable assessment and effective rehabilitation are important to preserve cultural significance and mitigate risk for human life. With that in mind, the procedure of a detailed condition assessment of the building under heritage protection is presented. A detailed historical background of the case study building is shown, and observed damage and conducted in situ tests are discussed. The nonlinear static seismic analysis performed in the 3Muri software is extensively elaborated. Four different levels of reconstruction according to new Croatian law are briefly presented. Additionally, several strengthening scenarios are proposed with various strengthening techniques.

In situ measurements of target strength with optical and model verification: a case study for blue grenadier, Macruronus novaezelandiae

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1986-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy J. Kloser ◽  
Tim E. Ryan ◽  
Gavin J. Macaulay ◽  
Mark E. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Model Verification ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Neutral Buoyancy ◽  
Cost Effective Method

Abstract Kloser, R. J., Ryan, T. E., Macaulay, G. J., and Lewis, M. E. 2011. In situ measurements of target strength with optical and model verification: a case study for blue grenadier, Macruronus novaezelandiae. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1986–1995. In situ measurements of target strength (TS) of isolated fish surrounding dense schools need to be representative of the schooling fish to calculate their echo-integrated biomass. Using synchronous optical and acoustic measurements from a pelagic fishing net, the standard length (81 cm, n = 128), tilt-angle (−9°), and net-disturbed in situ TS (−34.4 dB) of Australian Macruronus novaezelandiae (blue grenadier) were confirmed at depth. In situ drift experiments of assumed undisturbed but dispersed blue grenadier recorded a mean TS of −31.8 dB (CI −33.1 to −30.9 dB) with attributed fish standard lengths of 83 cm (s.d. 7.5 cm) and weight 2.5 kg. Modelling the gasbladder showed that uncertainties in fish length, orientation, and gasbladder size could explain the differences observed. Blue grenadiers have negative buoyancy because the cavity size of their gasbladder is smaller than the volume of gas required for neutral buoyancy at depth. For the same species and length, New Zealand hoki weigh less and have smaller gasbladders than Australian blue grenadier, suggesting a conversion factor of 1.10 in length for comparative measurements. Net-attached acoustic and optical measurements indicate that model and drift in situ measurements are biased high by 2.9 and 1.0 dB, respectively. Net-attached acoustic and optical measurements are a cost-effective method of monitoring TS routinely at depth for changes in species length and weight.

scholarly journals Image-Based 3D Modeling as a Documentation Method for Zooarchaeological Remains in Waste-Related Contexts

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Macheridis
Keyword(s):  
3D Modeling ◽  
Soil Removal ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Faunal Remains ◽  
Digital Documentation ◽  
Documentation Tool ◽  
Scientific Achievements ◽  
Taphonomic Processes

During the last twenty years archaeology has experienced a technological revolution that spans scientific achievements and day-to-day practices. The tools and methods from this digital change have also strongly impacted archaeology. Image-based 3D modeling is becoming more common when documenting archaeological features but is still not implemented as standard in field excavation projects. When it comes to integrating zooarchaeological perspectives in the interpretational process in the field, this type of documentation is a powerful tool, especially regarding visualization related to reconstruction and resolution. Also, with the implementation of image-based 3D modeling, the use of digital documentation in the field has been proven to be time- and cost effective (e.g., De Reu et al. 2014; De Reu et al. 2013; Dellepiane et al. 2013; Verhoeven et al. 2012). Few studies have been published on the digital documentation of faunal remains in archaeological contexts. As a case study, the excavation of the infill of a clay bin from building 102 in the Neolithic settlement of Ҫatalhöyük is presented. Alongside traditional documentation, infill was photographed in sequence at each second centimeter of soil removal. The photographs were processed with Agisoft Photoscan. Seven models were made, enabling reconstruction of the excavation of this context. This technique can be a powerful documentation tool, including recording notes of zooarchaeological significance, such as markers of taphonomic processes. An important methodological advantage in this regard is the potential to measure bones in situ in for analysis after excavation.

scholarly journals BATHYMETRIC EXTRACTION USING PLANETSCOPE IMAGERY (CASE STUDY: KEMUJAN ISLAND, CENTRAL JAVA)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Asih Sekar Sesama ◽  
Kuncoro Teguh Setiawan ◽  
Atriyon Julzarika
Keyword(s):  
Image Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Port Facilities ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Selection Of

Bathymetry refers to the depth of the seabed relative to the lowest water level. Depth information is essential for various studies of marine resource activities, for managing port facilities and facilities, supporting dredging operations, and predicting the flow of sediment from rivers into the sea. Bathymetric mapping using remote sensing offers a more flexible, efficient,and cost-effective method and covers a largearea. This study aims to determine the ability of Planet Scope imagery to estimate and map bathymetry and to as certain its accuracy using the Stumpf algorithm on the in-situ depth data. PlanetScope level 3B satellite imagery and tide-corrected survey dataare employed; satellite images are useful in high-precision bathymetry extraction.The bathymetric extraction method used the Stumpf algorithm. The research location was Kemujan Island, Karimunjawa Islands, Central Java. The selection of this region wasbased on its water characteristics, which have a reasonably high variation in depth. Based on the results of the data processing, it was found that the PlanetScope image data were able to estimate depths of up to 20 m. In the bathymetric results, the R2 accuracy value was 0.6952, the average RMSE value was 2.85 m,and the overall accuracy rate was 71.68%.

SenCity – Evaluating Users’ Experiences of Intelligent Lighting for Well-Being in Smart Cities

2018 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Henrika Pihlajaniemi ◽  
Anna Luusua ◽  
Eveliina Juntunen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
System Data

This paper presents the evaluation of usersХ experiences in three intelligent lighting pilots in Finland. Two of the case studies are related to the use of intelligent lighting in different kinds of traffic areas, having emphasis on aspects of visibility, traffic and movement safety, and sense of security. The last case study presents a more complex view to the experience of intelligent lighting in smart city contexts. The evaluation methods, tailored to each pilot context, include questionnaires, an urban dashboard, in-situ interviews and observations, evaluation probes, and system data analyses. The applicability of the selected and tested methods is discussed reflecting the process and achieved results.

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