scholarly journals Rare Biogeochemical Phenomenon Associated to Manganese Patinas on Mural Painting and Granite Ashlars

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 917
Author(s):  
Bruno Campos ◽  
Alexandra Marco ◽  
David M. Freire-Lista ◽  
Nuno Durães ◽  
Joaquin Silvestre-Albero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
Sem Micrographs ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Surface Materials ◽  
The Church

This article discloses a rare and outstanding type of Mn-rich black-blue patina found on mural painting and granite ashlars located in the church of Sta. Marinha, north of Portugal, and conjectures the phenomenon associated to the appearance of such patinas in different surface materials. This Mn-patina reported on mural painting and their origin is probably assigned to manganese leaching from building materials (i.e., granite and phyllites). Stained mural painting and granite examined by XPS and SEM have showed patinas enriched with manganese (IV) oxide, potentially catalysed by a microbiota, like fungi, observed in SEM micrographs. The pigments used to depict mural painting and groundwater were also analysed by micro-Raman and ICP-MS, respectively, indicating that they are unlikely manganese sources. Unstained building materials, such as granite ashlars, historic joints, mortars and phyllite rocks, were also analysed by ICP-MS showing that historic joints and mortars present significant concentrations of manganese, possibly associated to their absorbing feature. The main materials with potential to impart manganese to Mn-rich patinas are granite ashlars and phyllites. The aim of this investigation is to reveal and ascertain the hypothetical sources and the phenomenon responsible for the Mn-rich black-blue patina appearance, both on mural painting and granite ashlars.

scholarly journals Health Hazards Assessment and Geochemistry of ElSibai-Abu ElTiyur Granites, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 12002
Author(s):  
Essam Sidique ◽  
Mervat A. Elhaddad ◽  
Sayed F. Abdelwahab ◽  
Hany H. El Hadek
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Eastern Desert ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Geochemical Data ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Icp Ms

In this paper, a thorough radio- and chem-ecological evaluation of ElSibai-Abu ElTiyur granites located within Egypt’s crystalline basement rocks was conducted for risk and dose assessments. Twenty granitic samples from the study area’s various lithological units were analyzed using high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry to determine the natural radioisotopes (U-238, Th-232, and K-40) concentrations. The average concentrations of U-238, Th-232, and K-40 were 38.72, 38.23, and 860.71 Bq/kg, respectively, exceeding the GAV (global average value) documented by UNSCEAR (Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Vienna, Austria). The radiological parameters and indices judging the usage of ElSibai-Abu ElTiyur granites in homes were computed. The obtained results showed that ElSibai-Abu ElTiyur granites are safe to be used by inhabitants as superficial building materials, as per the globally accepted values and the recommended safety limits approved by UNSEAR, WHO (World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland), ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection, Ottawa, ON, Canada), and EC (European Commission, Luxembourg). Further, the samples were subjected to ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) analysis for quantifying radionuclide variations with chemical composition. Geochemically based on the ICP-MS results, the studied granites proved to be highly evolved A-type granites. They span the metaluminous to peralkaline fields. The REE patterns are characterized by the enrichment of the light rare earths (LREE) over the heavy ones (HREE) where (La/Yb)n = 5.2, (Gd/Yb)n = 1.63 with pronounced negative Eu-anomalies (Eu/Eu*)n = 0.49. The albite granite exhibits the highest concentrations of Ga, Nb, Ta, U, and Y, and REE (Gd, Dy, Ho, Yb) than the Na-metasomatic granites. Finally, the obtained data serve as a valuable future database for finding out the compatibility of the geochemical data with the natural radioactivity levels of granites.

Epilogue

2021 ◽  
pp. 224-248
Author(s):  
Elif Keser Kayaalp
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Syrian Orthodox ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Architectural Sculpture ◽  
The Church

In this chapter, the material presented in the second and third chapters is contextualized further, and the evidence from urban and rural contexts is treated in combination. This chapter distinguishes between the two periods before and after the Arab conquest, and draws attention to the continuities and changes, in plan types, building materials and techniques, builders, patrons, and architectural sculpture. For the period before the Arab conquest, it discusses the similarities of the church architecture of the region with its counterparts elsewhere in the Empire and points out what is specific to it. It also assesses what we can tell about the identity of the churches in a region where churches were changing hands. The Section ‘After the Arab conquest’ is concerned with the changes in the cities and the rural ṬurʿAbdin. It explores whether, in this period, one could talk about a church architecture specific to the Syrian Orthodox.

The reuse of marble in the eastern Mediterranean in medieval times

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godfrey Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
The Church ◽  
Sea Coast

Precious building materials have always been used over and over again — the spoils of the architectural war. A section of the Colosseum is now the Palazzo Farnese and the Church of the Wisdom of God in the respectable Surrey town of Kingswood harbours capitals from Ephesus, the Studion, and the Myrelaion in Istanbul, besides a quantity of Byzantine marble. Precious marbles were transported far and wide by sea and, although it is not surprising that porphyry from the Red Sea coast of Egypt is used in the Pantheon, it is interesting that Giallo Antico from Algeria or Tunisia and Pavonazzetto from Phrygia which decorated, for example, the Basilica Julia in Rome have been found at provincial Colchester.

scholarly journals Monitoring Coptic Masonry Affected by Clay Minerals and Microorganisms at the Church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun (Egypt)

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 4056-4067
Author(s):  
Abubakr Moussa ◽  
Mahmoud Roshdy
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Aspergillus Glaucus ◽  
Deterioration Process ◽  
Wadi El Natrun ◽  
The Church

This paper focuses on the role played by the clay minerals and microorganisms in the deterioration process of Coptic architecture units at the church of Virgin Mary, Wadi El-Natrun region. For this purpose building materials (mainly mortars and plasters) from the studied church were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS); in order to identify their composition and were investigated petro-graphically to determine the real response of the masonry structure to the deformation imposed at the endogenous factors. Wall gypsum mortars in the church contain halloysite as a dominant clay mineral while plaster is clay free; concerning microorganisms, the fungal flora Aspergillus glaucus represent the most dominant fungi constituting (22.22%), Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus occhraceus, and Aspergillus caudidus were also isolated.

scholarly journals Shells in the building materials of the Church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche in Novgorod

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
E. Mednikova ◽  
◽  
O. Sharov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
The Church

This paper considers the results of analysis of plinthoi and building mortars in the construction of the Church of the Annunciation of 1103 at Gorodishche. The analyses were conducted by the method of polypolarization. The authors made the conclusion that, during the construction of this monument of Old-Russian architecture, crushed molluscs were added to the building material as is typical of the traditions of the ancient and Kievan architectural schools.

scholarly journals MERGING GEOMETRIC DOCUMENTATION WITH MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE HISTORY OF THE HOLY AEDICULE IN THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE IN JERUSALEM

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-5/W1 ◽  
pp. 487-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Georgopoulos ◽  
E. Lambrou ◽  
G. Pantazis ◽  
P. Agrafiotis ◽  
A. Papadaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Research ◽  
Characterization Of Materials ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
The Church

The National Technical University of Athens undertook the compilation of an "Integrated Diagnostic Research Project and Strategic Planning for Materials, Interventions Conservation and Rehabilitation of the Holy Aedicule of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem". This paper focuses on the work merging the geometric documentation with the characterization of materials, the identification of building phases and the diagnosis of decay and pathology through the use of analytical and non-destructive techniques. Through this integrated approach, i.e. through the documentation and characterization of the building materials, through the diagnosis of decay and pathology, through the accurate geometric documentation of the building and through the non-destructive prospection of its internal structure, it was feasible to identify the construction phases of the Holy Aedicule, identifying the remnants of the preserved earlier constructions and the original monolithic Tomb. This work, thus, demonstrates that the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach for integrated documentation is a powerful tool for a better understanding of monuments, both in terms of its structural integrity, as well as in terms of its state of preservation, both prerequisites for effective rehabilitation.

The Passion Cycle in the Sanctuaries of the Saxon Fortified Churches in Southern Transylvania

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 43-66
Author(s):  
Raluca-Georgiana Cobuz ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mural Painting ◽  
Sacred Place ◽  
Passion Narrative ◽  
Strong Link ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
Biblical Texts ◽  
The Church

"This paper aims to reconstitute the pictorial program of some medieval Saxon churches’ sanctuaries, which are Mălâncrav, Curciu, Râşnov and Sibiu, with particular interest on the images regarding the Passion Cycle. The article will try to bring a stylistic and iconographic analysis of the Passion Cycle in the sanctuary, episodes that usually appear on the northern choir wall. Therefore, we aim to highlight the reasons why this Passion narrative was chosen to decorate this part of the sanctuary and what was its role both regarding the place that it occupies, that is near the most sacred place of the church, and also the role it had in the religious services. Given the complexity of the narrative programs and the strong link with the biblical texts, the paintings have a double role, both educational and devotional. Keywords: Passion Cycles, mural painting, fortified churches, iconography "

The Medieval Parish ChurchArchitecture, Furnishings, and Fittings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Common Component ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
Parish Churches ◽  
The Church ◽  
Design And Construction ◽  
Church Buildings

This chapter considers the architecture, fixtures, and furnishings of the parish churches and chapels of medieval Britain and the range of functions they were designed to accommodate and reflect. After an introduction and discussion of the essential and more common component elements of the church buildings, the processes of design and construction are touched upon. Reference is made to changing architectural fashions, taking account of regional preferences and the availability of building materials. Discussion then focuses upon the features that might be provided to support worship and to enhance its setting, especially in the vicinity of the altars but also in the areas of the churches occupied by the laity.

scholarly journals TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN THE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARTISTIC IMAGE OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES IN THE SOUTHERN RUSSIAN REGION

2019 ◽  
pp. 102-111
Author(s):  
O Ivanenko ◽  
A. Belova
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Compositional Analysis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Russian Region ◽  
Artistic Image ◽  
Modern Orthodox ◽  
The Church

The article has an analytical character and devoted to consideration of topical issues of modern Orthodox church construction of South Russian region on the example of the Cathedral of the Holy equal to the Apostles great Prince Vladimir in Sochi and the Church of the Holy Apostle John the Theologian in Kuschevka, Krasnodar region. The aim of the research is to identify traditional and innovative elements of the architectural and artistic image of churches. The architectural - artistic and compositional analysis of the architecture of two modern Orthodox churches of the southern region is carried out. The characteristic of the architectural image of the church is given, the ratio of tradition and innovation is revealed. On the presented examples, the method of comparative analysis carries out a detailed analysis of the churches on the compositional, constructive, artistic and stylistic characteristics of architecture. Conclusions about the creation of architectural images of Orthodox churches in relation to the studied examples, the influence of traditional historical trends on the modern appearance of religious buildings are presented. Each church has a completely individual modern architectural and artistic image, various design solutions and urban and climatic conditions of construction. Completely different building materials and personal preferences of the creators are used. However, they are united by some General principles of the symbolic Church creed. Assumptions are made about possible ways of further evolution of the work of the architect of Orthodox church architecture in modern conditions.

scholarly journals FEATURES AND COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF SACRED BUILDINGS OF THE END OF 20 – EARLY 21 CENTURY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CHURCH OF ST. PETER IN TERNOPIL)

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-195
Author(s):  
Oksana Diachok ◽  
Larysa Shuldan ◽  
Alina Yanbukhtina
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Thermal Monitoring ◽  
Acoustic Characteristics ◽  
Church Building ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article examines some problems of temples of the late 20th - early 21st centuries, in which modern architectural ideas, modern design components appeared together with new design solutions. The study uses a set of general scientific (empirical and theoretical) and special research methods (method of visual and instrumental surveys, historical and comparative analysis, art analysis, method of thermal monitoring and calculation). A comprehensive study was conducted on the example of St. Peter's Church in Ternopil (architect Serhiy Hora, designer Józef Simels). It is established that its modern stylistic image, modern formative components are combined with the traditional plan, which has historically developed in church construction. The facilitation of the main load-bearing structures was made possible by the use of exceptional metal curved trusses and a reinforced concrete belt. A comprehensive analysis of the condition of the church building revealed a number of problems typical for churches of this period of construction: the progressive spread of efflorescence, mycological damage to the plaster, premature destruction of building materials and destruction of structures; loss of insulative properties of structures and increase in energy consumption, deterioration of acoustic characteristics in the church space, loss of uniformity of sound distribution over its area. The dependence of these problems on changes in temperature and humidity in the temple building has been established. According to the results of instrumental research, a correlation analysis was performed to assess the degree of relationship between the distribution of moisture and temperature with the peculiarities of operation, the nature of operation and the level of thermal insulation of enclosing structures. The consequences of further moistening of the inner surfaces of the fences have been established: consequences for the interior; microclimatic (hygienic) consequence; constructive consequences; effects on energy consumption and acoustic effects. As a result of the calculations, recommendations for troubleshooting were provided. Using in this context a systematic interpretation of case studies, the study of actions that would help increase the level of comfort in churches and their preservation, the authors propose a reconstruction with an assessment of the quality of intervention at each stage. 

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