Toward Commercialization of Stable Devices: An Overview on Encapsulation of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent a promising technology for energy harvesting due to high power conversion efficiencies up to 26%, easy manufacturing, and convenient deposition techniques, leading to added advantages over other contemporary competitors. In order to promote this technology toward commercialization though, stability issues need to be addressed. Lately, many researchers have explored several techniques to improve the stability of the environmentally-sensitive perovskite solar devices. Challenges posed by environmental factors like moisture, oxygen, temperature, and UV-light exposure, could be overcome by device encapsulation. This review focuses the attention on the different materials, methods, and requirements for suitable encapsulated perovskite solar cells. A depth analysis on the current stability tests is also included, since accurate and reliable testing conditions are needed in order to reduce mismatching involved in reporting the efficiencies of PSC.

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Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells: Degradation Mechanisms and Remedies

Frontiers in Electronics ◽

10.3389/felec.2021.712785 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

Author(s):

Sayantan Mazumdar ◽

Ying Zhao ◽

Xiaodan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Operational Stability ◽

International Electrotechnical Commission ◽

Degradation Mechanisms ◽

Solar Module ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Practical Applications ◽

The Stability ◽

Stability Issues

Inorganic–organic metal halide perovskite light harvester-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have come to the limelight of solar cell research due to their rapid growth in efficiency. At present, stability and reliability are challenging aspects concerning the Si-based or thin film-based commercial devices. Commercialization of perovskite solar cells remains elusive due to the lack of stability of these devices under real operational conditions, especially for longer duration use. A large number of researchers have been engaged in an ardent effort to improve the stability of perovskite solar cells. Understanding the degradation mechanisms has been the primary importance before exploring the remedies for degradation. In this review, a methodical understanding of various degradation mechanisms of perovskites and perovskite solar cells is presented followed by a discussion on different steps taken to overcome the stability issues. Recent insights on degradation mechanisms are discussed. Various approaches of stability enhancement are reviewed with an emphasis on reports that complied with the operational standard for practical application in a commercial solar module. The operational stability standard enacted by the International Electrotechnical Commission is especially discussed with reports that met the requirements or showed excellent results, which is the most important criterion to evaluate a device’s actual prospect to be utilized for practical applications in commercial solar modules. An overall understanding of degradation pathways in perovskites and perovskite solar cells and steps taken to overcome those with references including state-of-the-art devices with promising operational stability can be gained from this review.

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Polymers and interfacial modifiers for durable perovskite solar cells: a review

Journal of Materials Chemistry C ◽

10.1039/d1tc01243f ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (37) ◽

pp. 12509-12522

Author(s):

Dennis (Mac) Jones ◽

Yu An ◽

Juanita Hidalgo ◽

Caria Evans ◽

Jacob N. Vagott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Uv Light ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells

This review focuses on the advancements in stability of perovskite solar cells under stress from ambient moisture, high temperatures, and UV light exposure.

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A Review: Thermal Stability of Methylammonium Lead Halide Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9010188 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 188 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Tanzila Tasnim Ava ◽

Abdullah Al Mamun ◽

Sylvain Marsillac ◽

Gon Namkoong

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Solar Cells ◽

Solar Cell ◽

Uv Light ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Ambient Temperatures ◽

Long Term Stability ◽

Interface Layers ◽

Silicon Based ◽

Conversion Efficiencies

Perovskite solar cells have achieved photo-conversion efficiencies greater than 20%, making them a promising candidate as an emerging solar cell technology. While perovskite solar cells are expected to eventually compete with existing silicon-based solar cells on the market, their long-term stability has become a major bottleneck. In particular, perovskite films are found to be very sensitive to external factors such as air, UV light, light soaking, thermal stress and others. Among these stressors, light, oxygen and moisture-induced degradation can be slowed by integrating barrier or interface layers within the device architecture. However, the most representative perovskite absorber material, CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3), appears to be thermally unstable even in an inert environment. This poses a substantial challenge for solar cell applications because device temperatures can be over 45 °C higher than ambient temperatures when operating under direct sunlight. Herein, recent advances in resolving thermal stability problems are highlighted through literature review. Moreover, the most recent and promising strategies for overcoming thermal degradation are also summarized.

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Progress towards High-Efficiency and Stable Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13195092 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 5092 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Syed Afaq Ali Shah ◽

Muhammad Hassan Sayyad ◽

Karim Khan ◽

Kai Guo ◽

Fei Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

High Performance ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Group Iv ◽

Absorbing Layer ◽

The Stability ◽

Stability Issues

Since its invention in 2009, Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has attracted great attention because of its low cost, numerous options of efficiency enhancement, ease of manufacturing and high-performance. Within a short span of time, the PSC has already outperformed thin-film and multicrystalline silicon solar cells. A current certified efficiency of 25.2% demonstrates that it has the potential to replace its forerunner generations. However, to commercialize PSCs, some problems need to be addressed. The toxic nature of lead which is the major component of light absorbing layer, and inherited stability issues of fabricated devices are the major hurdles in the industrialization of this technology. Therefore, new researching areas focus on the lead-free metal halide perovskites with analogous optical and photovoltaic performances. Tin being nontoxic and as one of group IV(A) elements, is considered as the most suitable alternate for lead because of their similarities in chemical properties. Efficiencies exceeding 13% have been recorded using Tin halide perovskite based devices. This review summarizes progress made so far in this field, mainly focusing on the stability and photovoltaic performances. Role of different cations and their composition on device performances and stability have been involved and discussed. With a considerable room for enhancement of both efficiency and device stability, different optimized strategies reported so far have also been presented. Finally, the future developing trends and prospects of the PSCs are analyzed and forecasted.

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Consequence of aging at Au/HTM/perovskite interface in triple cation 3D and 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79659-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zubair Ahmad ◽

Arti Mishra ◽

Sumayya M. Abdulrahim ◽

D. Taguchi ◽

Paek Sanghyun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Second Harmonic ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Hybrid Perovskite ◽

Reliable Performance ◽

Feasible Alternative ◽

New Perspective ◽

The Stability ◽

Stability Enhancement ◽

Conversion Efficiencies

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs) expressed great potentials for offering a feasible alternative to conventional photovoltaic technologies. 2D/3D hybrid PSCs, where a 2D capping layer is used over the 3D film to avoid the instability issues associated with perovskite film, have been reported with improved stabilities and high power conversion efficiencies (PCE). However, the profound analysis of the PSCs with prolonged operational lifetime still needs to be described further. Heading towards efficient and long-life PSCs, in-depth insight into the complicated degradation processes and charge dynamics occurring at PSCs' interfaces is vital. In particular, the Au/HTM/perovskite interface got a substantial consideration due to the quest for better charge transfer; and this interface is debatably the trickiest to explain and analyze. In this study, multiple characterization techniques were put together to understand thoroughly the processes that occur at the Au/HTM/perovskite interface. Inquest analysis using current–voltage (I–V), electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISHG), and impedance spectroscopy (IS) was performed. These techniques showed that the degradation at the Au/HTM/perovskite interface significantly contribute to the increase of charge accumulation and change in impedance value of the PSCs, hence resulting in efficiency fading. The 3D and 2D/3D hybrid cells, with PCEs of 18.87% and 20.21%, respectively, were used in this study, and the analysis was performed over the aging time of 5000 h. Our findings propose that the Au/HTM/perovskite interface engineering is exclusively essential for attaining a reliable performance of the PSCs and provides a new perspective towards the stability enhancement for the perovskite-based future emerging photovoltaic technology.

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Impact of Alkaline Earth Metal Doping on the Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells

10.29363/nanoge.ngfm.2019.036 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Nga Phung ◽

Hans Köbler ◽

Diego Di Girolamo ◽

Thi Tuyen Ngo ◽

Gabrielle Sousa e Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Alkaline Earth ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Earth Metal ◽

Alkaline Earth Metal ◽

Metal Doping ◽

The Stability

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How to Improve the Stability of All Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells?

10.29363/nanoge.ngfm.2019.193 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Qiong Wang ◽

Antonio Abate

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Inorganic Perovskite ◽

The Stability

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Enhancing the Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells by Alkai Metal Doping

10.29363/nanoge.aohm.2019.032 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Marina Vildanova ◽

Anna Nikolskaia ◽

Sergey Kozlov ◽

Oleg Shevaleevskiy

Keyword(s):

Solar Cells ◽

Perovskite Solar Cells ◽

Metal Doping ◽

The Stability

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Stability and ocular biodistribution of topically administered PLGA nanoparticles

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90792-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sean Swetledge ◽

Renee Carter ◽

Rhett Stout ◽

Carlos E. Astete ◽

Jangwook P. Jung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Uv Light ◽

Light Exposure ◽

Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽

Plga Nanoparticles ◽

Eye Disease ◽

Control Group ◽

Eye Tissues ◽

Nanoparticle Morphology ◽

The Stability

AbstractPolymeric nanoparticles have been investigated as potential delivery systems for therapeutic compounds to address many ailments including eye disease. The stability and spatiotemporal distribution of polymeric nanoparticles in the eye are important regarding the practical applicability and efficacy of the delivery system in treating eye disease. We selected poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with lutein, a carotenoid antioxidant associated with eye health, as our model ophthalmic nanodelivery system and evaluated its stability when suspended in various conditions involving temperature and light exposure. We also assessed the ocular biodistribution of the fluorescently labeled nanoparticle vehicle when administered topically. Lutein-loaded nanoparticles were stable in suspension when stored at 4 °C with only 26% lutein release and no significant lutein decay or changes in nanoparticle morphology. When stored at 25 °C and 37 °C, these NPs showed signs of bulk degradation, had significant lutein decay compared to 4 °C, and released over 40% lutein after 5 weeks in suspension. Lutein-loaded nanoparticles were also more resistant to photodegradation compared to free lutein when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, decaying approximately 5 times slower. When applied topically in vivo, Cy5-labled nanoparticles showed high uptake in exterior eye tissues including the cornea, episcleral tissue, and sclera. The choroid was the only inner eye tissue that was significantly higher than the control group. Decreased fluorescence in all exterior eye tissues and the choroid at 1 h compared to 30 min indicated rapid elimination of nanoparticles from the eye.

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